Post Mortem results and findings of the entire project Essay

This MEMO will cover the benefits and drawbacks of a Post Mortem review. It will notify all who are going to be required to partake in the final review meeting. It will also go over what we hope to discover after the termination of the project. Post Mortem Review Pros and Cons Pros: Gives an unbiased review of the project’s life. Enables project manager to analyze the findings of the review and improve on certain aspects in the next project that need attention. Gives a good perspective of everything that was accomplished. This enables the team and manager to feel a sense of pride and satisfaction from job well done. Once the review has been analyzed, it enables the project to officially come to a close. Cons: Hard to ensure all key players, stakeholders, and managers attend the meeting during such an early time of the newly integrated system’s life. Personnel Required to Attend: Certain people within the company are expected to attend the post mortem review meeting either in person, or by telephone conference. These people include: all of the managers who attended the training and were involved throughout this project. Stakeholders, owners, top officers, the project team, and the developers of the new system need to be in attendance. Hopes: The project team and manager hope to discover the following: The overall success of the project. Any downfalls or shortcomings that came up. The owners’ opinions of the end result. The managers’ opinions. The developers’ notes on how well the managers’ were trained. The thoughts of the project team and how they feel improvement could be made.

Cell Phones Use Cause Accidents

â€Å"Cell phones†, a heavy gadget when it comes to use because it can do things just as computers can but this gadget is also heavy when it comes to pocket and worth of consequences. Discussing about using cell phones is important for the audiences to avoid the consequences of cell phone misuse and avoid the accident that cell phones might cause.com/cell-phone-problem-solution/">Cell phones are a useful gadget and thus it is considered as a primary need of those who are in the business industry and even ordinary people who tends to be away from their family, but these said gadgets also causes accident especially on the road. Body According to the NHTSA, the national highway accidents reported were caused by using cell phones while driving. In addition, the report says that numbers of car crashes were caused by cell phone dialing, listening, as well as talking which leads the drivers to be distracted on the road.Statistics also says that there are almost 80 percent of car cras hes which occur within the span of a short 3 seconds just because of driving distraction caused by cell phone use. People should know that distraction on car driving is worth a big consequence and we, as responsible beings, should know that cell phone use should not be allowed while driving because it will take our attention from the road (Benton). ConclusionCell phone use as well as receiving important calls or responding to important texts messages are considered as the number one distraction factor while driving a car which leads to car accidents. With this very important issue supported by evidences, cell phone use must therefore be restricted while driving a car. If a certain person receives a call while driving, he/she should stop the car on the roadside before he/she should receive the call to avoid the risk of accident. Works Cited Benton, Joe. â€Å"Cell Phone No. 1 Driver Distraction. † 2006.

Operations Management – Core Capabilities

Review core capabilities. Core capabilities are critical issues in operations management. Why are core capabilities an asset? Are there any instances in which a firm’s core capabilities can be a liability rather than an asset?In general, core capabilities are an organization’s key ability that sets it aside from competitors. According to Qfinance, the definition of core capabilities is a key ability or strength that an organization has acquired that differentiates it from others, gives it competitive advantage, and contributes to its long-term success (Qfinance, 2009). Core capabilities are essential to operations management by contributing to an organization preforming its business activities at a higher level of efficiency on a consistent basis, which are critical to their competitive position in its market. An organization can attempt to dominate its field by focusing on their core capabilities.Core capabilities are an asset in operation management through providing an organization the opportunity to produce profits. Resources and core capabilities are the backbone in which an organization can add value through creating and executing strategy in order to earn reasonable returns and accomplish a competitive advantage (MSG, 2013). Resources are contributions to an organization’s operations. These could be employees, financial, technology, or organizational resources. The more valuable, unique, and specialized the resource is, the more likely the organization will achieve it core capabilities. Core capabilities are all about an organization’s ability to incorporate its resources in an attempt to utilize them more effective and efficiently, as well as distinguish itself from its rivals, which ultimately leads to a competitive advantage.Once established, core capabilities allow an organization to gain a sustainable competitive advantage. However, there are some drawbacks with core capabilities. One factor regarding core capabilities th at could lead to a liability rather than an asset is that core capabilities cannot stay the same over time. An organization would need to adjust its core capabilities in order to adapt to market changes and the environment. Core capabilities  are unique sets of skills that confers competitive advantages to a firm, in which rivals firms cannot easily duplicate them (Swink, Melnyk, Cooper, & Hartley, 2013). If an organization’s core capabilities are stagnant over time, then they won’t be able to get ahead of the competition and stay ahead.

Competitive use of technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Competitive use of technology - Essay Example For attaining these purpose organizations across the globe are bringing innovations by effectively using new technology and enhancing the role of information system (IS) and information technology (IT) (Stair, and Reynolds, 2009). Furthermore these information system and information technologies are being used as a weapon to gain competitive advantage over the rivals (Avlonitis, and Karayanni, 2000). Conventionally businesses used to practice and use IT and IS systems specifically for data processing but things got change as various innovations came forward. With the advent and rapid growth of internet and global economy, the role of IT and IS showed ameliorations, as the concept of economic growth and expansion of businesses around the globe is very much related to effective use of technology with reference to successfully implanting and using IT and IS systems intelligently (Ward, & Peppard, 2002). At present businesses that are effectively using information technology and other co mpetitive technologies are amongst the global leaders in their respective domains. As these businesses have garnered understanding that competitive use of technology is going to create win-win situation for the

How does modaifnil work in the brain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How does modaifnil work in the brain - Essay Example Side effects that are common in CNS stimulants but are not observed in Modafinil users include arterial hypertension and tachycardia. The absence of these effects has been widely attributed to the drug’s mechanism of action, though the exact principles of this yet to be established. The paper will focus on the positive effects of the drug and its pharmacokinetics on neural activity. There have been several theories formulated on the mechanism of neurostimuation by Modafinil. Among these include the histamine effect and the increment of the neurotransmitter dopamine by inhibiting its uptake therefore leaving sufficient amounts for transmission of neurosynaptic impulses. However, theories have suggested that the involvement of dopamine in this action is minimal; hence the different side effects (Saletu &Saletu-Zyhlarz, 2013, 231). The drug is also assumed to increase the availability of other neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine. These mechanisms will be explained in detail in the following section. Among the numerous theories that have been formulated, one that is most indicative from the author’s research findings is the theory suggesting interaction and activity of Reticular Activating System neurons in the rhombencephalon with Modanifil (Rasetti et al., 2010, 2101-2109). These neurons have been found to be responsible for sustaining arousal levels in humans. The drug has a different impact on the RAS than other neurostimulators such as amphetamine and methylphenitade. Researchers have stated that effects of this drug on the above mentioned structures involve glutamate, hypocretin, ?-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, epinephrine, histamine and dopamine (Rasetti et al., 2010, 2101-2109). Modafinil has been found to increase the synthesis and release of norepinephrin by altering activity in the locus coeruleus to low tonic and high phasic (Volkow et al., 2009, 1148-1154). The drug possesses an agonistic effect on alpha 1 adrenergic receptors; hence it has a direct stimulatory effect resulting in the inhibition of norepinephrine uptake (Saletu &Saletu-Zyhlarz, 2013, 231). Therefore, this neurotransmitter is increased and has positive impacts on several centers of the brain promoting wakefulness. Some of the effects that occur as a result of increased norepinephrine include increased memory, cerebral plasticity and learning and attention. It also stimulates the Autonomic nervous system, particularly the sympathetic, and increases heart rate and blood pressure leading to enhanced levels of energy (Saletu &Saletu-Zyhlarz, 2013, 231). Another mechanism that has been suggested involves the elevation in histamine levels. This is due to the effect of Modafinil on receptors of neurons containing peptides which are known as orexins. Specifically these receptors are known as orexin 1 and 2 (Rasetti et al., 2010, 2101-2109). These neurons radiate to different parts of the cerebral cortex, and have been found to also influence center s of involved in sustaining arousal levels and wakefulness. These neurons have also been found to increase the level of neurotransmitters such as noradrenalin and dopamine in the above mentioned areas (Volkow et al., 2009, 1148-1154). The involvement of dopamine in the effects of Modafinil will be explained further in the paper. The above mentioned orexin neurons activated by Modafinil also affect and

Labor relations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Labor relations - Research Paper Example As per the initiative, the pay increase was conditional (Neil, 2011). The initiative led to number of positive outcomes that include reinforced, improved and sustainable relationship between the two bodies. Another positive achievement was the building of coaching competencies across DHB. Health care organization can solicit for such initiatives by contacting and engaging with the regulatory or employers to accept sustainable relations with employees (Porter, 2010). This article describes a partnership between clinical nurses and nursing management that successfully implemented in a prominent teaching hospital. According to the article, the Congress in 1935 enacted National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) made collective bargaining a compulsory practice especially in private institutions (Sanders & McCutcheon, 2010). The process of unionization gave employees more power and decent ways to fight for their rights. Once workers engage in unionized activities, the legal and environmental landscapes begin to change. Workers work without fear of intimidation and quickly report any abuses to the union leaders. The institution leaderships also tend to start respecting and abiding by laws and terms of agreement for fearing the powers and influences of unions (Matthew, 2010). The work environment changes and characterize with improved relations between employer and workers (Brooke,

Diversity Day Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Diversity Day Analysis - Essay Example invest in diversity training in order to educate their employees about the different cultures so as to inculcate an appreciation of diversity and to reduce incoherence within the workforce. In the Diversity Day episode of The Office, a diversity training consultant, Mr. Brown arrives at the Dunder-Mifflin Paper Co., Inc in order to educate its staff about diversity and cultural tolerance. The diversity training is necessitated by the imitation of Chris Rock’s comedy routine called ‘Niggas v. Black People’ by Michael, which offends the staff due to its racist joke. This act prompts the corporate management to call for a diversity day seminar in order to teach the staff about racial tolerance. Ironically, after the diversity trainer and consultant, Mr. Brown arrives, Michael seems to steal the center stage when in fact the training was actually meant for him. In the diversity training session, Mr. Brown continuously tries to make an effort to create cultural sensitivity among the staff workers so as to generate a feeling of cultural Enlightment by putting each staff in the shoes of a co-worker with a different race. Here, the purpose is to spark tolerance and appreciation of the diversity present at most workplaces. Mr. Brown means to spur realization of other racial sentiments and hence greater tolerance for other races. A constantly interrupted diversity session that Mr. Brown holds, aims to present an insightful experience for the staff members. His speech talks about the cultural variations and tries to generate a more coherent feeling among the workers going beyond racial stereotypes. Mr. Brown shows much tolerance after Michael says that Mr. Brown really is his name, implying the coherence between Mr. Brown’s name and his African American origins. By displaying tolerance to many of Michael’s racist remarks, he tries to demonstrate how diversity training involves appreciation and recognition of the varied staff workers. In a varied workforce, it is

Need law specialised to write personal statements Essay

Need law specialised to write personal statements - Essay Example Most importantly, I believe in the Latin maxim fiat justitia et pereat mundus or let justice be done, though the world may perish. The study of law exists to educate people and their solicitors about the law and their rights and obligations. He who sleeps on or is ignorant of his rights risks being taken advantage of others.I wish to pursue a doctorate in the law that I may receive the best and most up to date and most advanced legal knowledge possible. I wish to achieve this so that I can be of greater service to my clients, my country and myself. Personal Statement (800 words) I have always dreamed of becoming a lawyer. Even when I was in the science section of the Al-Marefah Alahlyah school, I was already fascinated with the law. Our concentration in the natural sciences and the laws of science opened my mind to the belief that a higher learning of the real world can be achieved. Specifically, that a man can aspire to a greater understanding of human laws and how they govern our l ives, much in the same way that natural laws organize and govern the natural world. In both spheres, knowledge and insight is what enables leaders to gain predictable results and hence, harness natural and legal phenomena to our advantage. After secondary school, I went to the King Abdul-Aziz University to study law and it was there that I began to quench my thirst for legal knowledge. As a result of my earnest efforts in that school, I completed my Bachelor of Laws and became a lawyer. It was not long, however, before I aspired to expand my legal horizons. To do this, I went to England to obtain a Master’s degree in International Law and Financial markets at the prestigious University of East London. Having completed my Masters, I now wish to gain a Juris Doctor from your fine institution. One may well wonder why I desire to obtain a Doctorate so soon after I received my Masteral degree. My answer to this is that I want to become a successful lawyer in an ever-changing world . I believe that, in order to accomplish this, I must constantly educate myself in the best institutions. I believe that complacency is the root of decay and that my hard-won knowledge of the law must be constantly enhanced with new learning and further study. Otherwise, my legal skills may become obsolete or outdated to the great detriment of my practice. Besides, I am still hungry for more knowledge of the law and greater expertise thereat. I believe that a Doctorate from the nation that gave mankind the rule of law is the proper avenue to expand my mastery of certain topics in the law. After all the study of law is a continuing process and one should never be fully satisfied with his level of mastery in any subject in the law. The desire to have greater knowledge of the law also has a practical aspect in my duty as a member of the bar and a Solicitor striving for the benefit of my clients. Bad legal advice is worse than no legal advice at all because the client would have been le d to think that he had received good advice and will follow it only to find out later that it was wrong. I do not want to someday hand out bad advice because of a deficiency in my mastery of the law. After all, ignorance of the law excuses no one and it would certainly look very bad if I was to lose a case or file an improper case simply because I lacked knowledge about a particular topic. A Doctorate from your institution will allow me to impart what I have learned to peers and

Reading response LN 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading response LN 3 - Essay Example If the speaker possesses semantic prowess then they can automatically depict irony and humor in a phrase. Pragmatically, humor may be described as differing from other means of communication as its major purpose lies on amusing its audience. It is evident that humor is proactive as it forms a major part of communication. This results from the fact that people can cooperate to tell jokes. It is through inferences and implicatures as Attardo (2001) indicates that irony is created. This fact validates the fact that irony is pragmatic. Yet another interesting fact is the verity that irony is pragmatic. Attardo (2001) indicates that it is extremely fallacious to view irony as merely a processing of texts and thrusting aside the original meanings. Evidently, the ironical interpretations of irony can be understood immediately even without focusing on the literal meaning (Attardo, 2001). With this in perspective, it is worth validating the verity that irony is pragmatic. Even in statements that are forced to be ironical, the meanings are immediately deduced. However, it is validated to question on what needs to be termed as ironical and what is not ironical. It is also important to inquire what aspect of irony can be described as contextual inappropriate. Is it when the irony does not relay the intended meaning and create general implicature? The author also focuses on the reaction of humor and irony an attempt to assess the various responses that emanate from the same (Attardo, 2001). This aspect is very intriguing as not all persons will appreciate humor and irony. Some persons will choose to ignore, other will laugh while others will continue the humor or irony in question. It is this verity that validates the author’s choice of topic. Humor and irony interrelate but the same is not detected by all persons. The reactions that are displayed

Week 2 email 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 2 email 1 - Essay Example After reading Erickson Page 357, something interesting can be learned from this. The physicist, of which we would possibly describe as wise and learned, is unable to articulate the properties of light and acknowledges light as a mystery; however, he does acknowledge that light does exist. Therefore, we as believers in God acknowledge His existence because we have been enlightened by the Holy Spirit. The light of Christ shines in us; as believers we have also experienced general and special revelations because of our faith in Christ Jesus. We live in the Spirit, not in the flesh, so now we have peace with God through the righteousness of Christ Jesus’ blood. As we read in Romans 8:6 â€Å"for to set the mind on the flesh is death, but to set the mind on the Spirit is life and peace.† Our old self is dead, for we were crucified with Christ, and we were born again. God does exist because we have new life in Christ. This new life does not come from our own self, as the self is

Interviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Interviews - Essay Example On the other hand, there are certain circumstances that tend to force people to move from one region to another. In some countries, political instability has been the cause of many internal and external migrations of people. In various places, people have been forced to move from one place to another, seeking for places that can offer safety and better conditions of life. While these migrations are an important step especially for people that are seeking shelter, getting used to the new environment is a major challenge. According to Falola & Niyi (2007), in new environment, the refugees fleeing from their homes are forced to put up with culture shocks, limited social interactions and lack of some important facilities that are necessary for life. Many refugee centres lack such factors as educational facilities, hampering their quest for learning. The plight faced by refugees has prompted me to make a reflection of the kind of life that refugees face as they seek new places for shelter and better life. In this regard, this paper examines a personal reflection of the kind of life faced by refugees, focusing on the interviews that were conducted about refugees and their kinds of experiences. The need to understand the life that refugees go through made me to make some interviews among different refugees. This exercises made me look for people that would give their real experiences of life in new countries as refugees. The need to have this understanding would enable me to think of ways in which I could use my ability and other means to help refugees in their camps. Being a university student, I had been thinking of ways in which we could mobilize ourselves and help refugees through the different challenges that they undergo through in their daily lives. I realized that as university students, the fact that we had higher levels of intellectual capacity compared to refugees and other

Islam spread rapidly Essay Example for Free

Islam spread rapidly Essay I went through various different websites on the internet trying to find out why Islam was spread so rapidly, I found so many diverse answers, but the most answer that I kept on finding was The Sword. The sword is when Muslims give non-Muslims two options, either they convert to Islam or they have to face death. Some believed that Prophet Muhammad, peace upon him, was a violent man, who forced non Muslims into Islam. They also believe that Early Islam was less tolerant to other religions, other than that they believe that Arabs and Muslims in General hated Christians and Jews, and wanted them to Vanish from earth. I disagree with what Ive read. Prophet Muhammad was known for his kindness and his respect for other religion, adding to that, he tried to follow the steps of the prophets that came before him, and he admired them. His main idea was to spread harmony between all religions and to create peace. Muslims have not forced others into Islam and didnt kill non Muslims because they wouldnt convert. Prophet Muhammad had announced to non Muslims that they only have to pay taxes if they didnt want to convert, other than that they were treated respectfully by Muslims and others. Also, Im not the only one who is disagreeing with such things. The webpage that I attached in the end of this paper also tries to show that Islam being spread by the sword is only a Myth. In the Western Civilization volume one book, starting from page 252 it speaks about how Islam was spread. It states that Islam was spread because of its harmony and tolerance also because of the Prophet Muhammad great personality, and not to forget about the holy wars and Abu Baker. Those had a huge impact on non Muslims who converted to Islam. The message of Islam in early days was rapidly spread through the Middle East, North Africa, Spain, West Africa, East Africa, Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Afghanistan, India, Western China, and the Malay Archipelago. They all converted to Islam not because they were forced to, but because they have learned and saw how real Muslims acted and were. Prophet Mohammed has introduced Islam in a very lovable way, He faced difficulties, such as hater from Qurish, people threw rocks at him, and he was cursed and hit many, many times, however, he didnt stop. He continued spreading the Islam. A lot of people followed him and supported him, until the day of his death. After the prophet, peace upon him, passed away Abu Baker was firmed in spreading Islam around the world. Abu baker was declared as the caliph, and the second-in-command of Mohammed. He created a powerful military that restrained all the Arab trips that didnt accept successors establishment. Other than that, his force of military started to slowly move further than the borders of Arabia. Not to forget to mention that Arabs were not interested in conquering other cities because they wanted to spread Islam. Arabians actually hoped that the cities they conquered wouldnt convert to Islam, so Arabians could preserve their own individuality as a society of leaders and tax gatherers. Anyhow, Arabia was mostly interested in conquering other cites for the wealth and the power, and as I mentioned earlier, not to spread Islam. There were a lot of weak cities beside them that motivated the Arabs to start conquering, also, the idea of new riches played a huge part. There are a lot of reasons why Islam spread so fast, other than the ones that are already mentioned in this text or the webpage that is attached to this paper. People need to know the truth about Islam, and nee to stop judging it based on Myths and lies.

Synthesis And Characterization Of Glycerol Based Polymer Biology Essay

Synthesis And Characterization Of Glycerol Based Polymer Biology Essay In oleochemical industry, glycerol (1,2,3-propanetriol) is always produced as a by-product in the manufacturing of acids, soaps, methyl esters, alcohols or nitrogen-containing derivatives. It can also be made from propene via epichlorohydrin (1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane). However, the petrochemical supply route is less important due to the increasing supply of glycerol from oleochemical industry, the high price of propene and the demand for epichlorohydrin for other purposes (Gunstone Henning, 2004). Figure 1.1 Glycerol Glycerol possesses a unique combination of physical and chemical properties which are utilized in many commercial products. It is hygroscopic, colourless, odorless, viscous, sweet-tasting, low boiling point, non-toxic, emollient, a good solvent, and water soluble. Besides, it is easily biodegradable (Gunstone Henning, 2004). Furthermore, it is very stable under normal storage conditions, compatible with many other chemical materials, non-irritating in its various uses, and does not have negative effects on the environment (Pagliaro Rossi, 2008). The glycerol market is currently undergoing radical changes, driven by very large supplies of glycerol arising from biodiesel production. The effort to reduce the dependence on foreign oil has increased the production of biodiesel and glycerol is the major co-product from the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel. Hence, there is a need to find new uses for glycerol. Polymerization is one of the methods which large amount of glycerol can be used (Wyatt et al., 2006). There two types of polymerizations. First, soluble products are obtained regardless of the extent to which the reaction is carried toward completion. The products formed are mainly linear polymers. The second type of polymerization is those that lead to gelled or insoluble products, provided that the reaction is carried far enough. The reactants are capable of producing large three dimensional molecules (Flory, 1941). According to Flory (1941), gelation occurs only when there is the possibility of unlimited growth in three dimensions. It is a significant characteristic of polymerizing systems to have a sharply defined gel point at a certain critical extent of reaction which is independent of temperature, amount of catalyst and so on. Through polymerization of glycerol, the pre-polymers synthesized could be further reacted to produce longer chains of hyperbranched polymers. Hyperbranched polymers belong to the family of macromolecules known as dendrimers. Dendrimers are highly branched monodispersed molecules produced by multistep syntheses. Preparation of dendrimers requires a high degree of purity of the starting material and high yields of the individual synthetic step. On the other hand, hyperbranched polymers are randomly branched molecules prepared by a simple one-step reaction (Wyatt et al., 2006) via polyaddition, polycondensation, radical polymerisation, and so forth, of an ABn monomer (Vogtle et al., 2009). Due to their unique combination of low viscosity, excellent solubility, and facile synthesis, hyperbranched polymers have received significant attention (Lin, Q Long, T.E., 2003). Reaction of the functional A groups with the functional B (coupling) groups of a second monomer molecule gives rise to randomly branched molecule. Since the C groups are present in excess (n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 2), crosslinking are avoided from the outset. Reaction can be brought to a standstill by addtion of stopper components. Since the synthesis of hyperbranched polymers does not involve coupling to core molecule, but only ABn monomers react with one another. Both branched molecules and linear sequences maybe formed (Vogtle et al., 2009). Hyperbranched polymers produced from diacids (A2) and glycerol (B3) are an example of the AB2 system. AB2 monomers are not readily available and kinetic calculations show that the first condensation reaction, which produces an AB2 species, is faster than the subsequent polymer propagation. Thus, the remainder of the reaction progresses as polycondensation between AB2-type species prior to the gel point. Several methods have been used to avoid gelation in A2+B3 systems, including performing the reactions in dilute solutions or reacting them in the absence of solvents while monitoring. This glycerol-based polymer is expected to show similar properties and characteristics as polyalkylene glycol (PAG). A polyalkylene glycol having the general formula: HO-[R-O-]n H in which n has a value of at least 2 and R is an alkylene radical containing at least 10 carbon atoms. PAG liquid are used as synthetic lubricants in many diverse applications. Thus, glycerol-based polymers could also have the potential to be use as high performance lubricant, coolant or as a lubricant additive (such as viscosity modifier). Materials with polymeric structures can be used in lubricant to enhance its properties, such as viscosity, pour point and so on. It can be used as starting material for certain types of additives. These polymeric additives can be viscosity modifier, pour point depressants, emulsifiers and demulsifiers, and foam inhibitor in lubricants (Totten, G.E. et al., 2003). Oils can be effective lubricants at low temperature. However, at higher temperature, they become less effective. To overcome this problem, viscosity modifiers are useful in minimizing viscosity variations with temperature. Viscosity modifier is a polymer with average molecular weights of 10000 to 150000. At all temperatures, viscosity modifier is able to increase oils viscosity. The thickening of oil at lower temperature is less than that at higher temperature. At low temperatures, the polymer molecules occupying a small volume have a minimum association with the bulk oil. The situation is reversed at high temperatures as the polymer chains expand due to the increased thermal energy. Besides, at higher temperatures, polymers are more soluble and therefore cause the viscosity to increase(Totten, G.E. et al., 2003). There are two types of viscosity modifiers available commercially: olefin-based polymers and ester polymers. Polyisobutylenes (PIBs), olefin copolymers (OCPs), and hydrogenated styrene-diene (STDs) polymers. Ester polymers include polymethacrylates (PMAs) and styrene ester polymers (SEs) (Totten, G.E. et al., 2003). Literature Review In a research done by Wyatt and his co-workers (2006), novel oligomeric prepolymers were synthesized by acid-catalyzed condensation of glycerol with iminodiacetic. The prepolymers were obtained after purification by chromatography in an average yield of 62%. The compounds were characterized by using 13C NMR, 1H NMR, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry, and gel permeation chromatography. It was discovered that linear products bearing cyclic urethane structures were obtained in the reaction between iminodiacetic acid and glycerol. Qi Lin and Timothy E. Long (2003) studied the polymerization of A2 with B3 monomers to produce hyperbranched poly(aryl estrer)s. A dilute bisphenol A (A2) solution was added slowly to a dilute 1,3,5-benzene tricarbonyl trichloride (B3) solution at 25 °C to prepare hyperbranched poly(aryl ester)s in the absence of gelation. The molar ratio of A2:B3 was maintained at 1:1. The maximum final monomer concentration was ~0.08 M. The phenol functionalities were quantitatively consumed during the polycondensation. This was showed in 1H NMR spectroscopy and derivitization of terminal groups. Two model compounds were synthesized to identify 1H NMR resonances for linear, dentritic, and terminal units. The final degree of branching was determined to be ~50%. The hyperbranched polymers exhibited lower glass transition temperatures compared to their analogues. J.F. Stumbe and Bernd Bruchmann (2003) also used the A2+B3 approach to prepare hyperbranched polyesters with controlled molecular weights and properties. The process was carried out by reacting glycerol and adipic acid without any solvents. Tin catalysts was used. The products were evaluated by size exclusion chromatography(SEC) analysis and NMR spectroscopy to determine molecular weights and degrees of branching. A study was also carried out on the glycerol esters from reaction of glycerol with dicarboxylic esters. The glycerol esters were synthesized by the base catalyzed reaction of glycerol with aliphatic dicarboxylic acid esters (such as dimethyl oxalate, dimethyl glutarate, dimethyl adipate, etc). Various parameters that may affect the transesterification were studied in order to optimize the yield of products. The reactions were carried out by varying the glycerol/ester molar ratios. The optimum ratio was 4:1, whereby the quantity of the monoester was 60% after 8 h. The conversion decreased slightly when the molar ratio exceeded 4:1. At higher temperatures, the amount of monoester in the reaction mixtures increased and it reached a maximum level after 6 h when the reaction was carried out at 100  °C to 120  °C. It took 8 h at a lower temperature. However, the overall yield at the end of the reaction was not affected by the temperature. The formation of both monoester and diester wer e produced in an overall yield of 80% after 15 h of reaction time (Cho et al., 2006). Sunder et. al. (1999) carried out a controlled synthesis of hyperbranched polyglycerols by ring opening multibranching polymerization. Hyperbranched aliphatic polyethers with controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distribution were prepared via anionic polymerization of glycidol with rapid cation-exchange equilibrium. Glycidol which represents a cyclic AB2 monomer was polymerized in a ring-opening multibranching (ROMBP). The anionic polymerization was carried out under slow addition conditions with partially deprotonated (10%) 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane (TMP) as the initiator. 13C NMR, MALDI-TOF spectrometry, vapor pressure osmometry (VPO), and GPC were used to characterize molecular weights and polydispersities of the polyols formed. The 13C NMR spectra used to assess the degree of branching (DB) ranged from 0.53-0.59. A complete attachment of hyperbranched polymers to TMP initiator and the absence of macrocyclics were showed in MALDI-TOF spectra. There was n o macrocyclics or hyperbranched macromolecule obtained, due to slow addtion. T.J. Mulkern and N.C. Beck Tan (2000) studied a series of blends of hyperbranched polyester with high molecular weight polystyrenes. The processability and compatibility in the blends were investigated as a function of volume fraction of hyperbranched polyols (HBP) added and reactivity of the matrix phase. Due to its low viscosity and high reactivity, HBP polymers are suitable for reactive polymer blending. Through processing and rheological studies, it was found that HBPs are effective processing aids. A significant drop in the blend viscosity occurs immediately on addition of HBP, even at levels as low as 2 vol. %. In 1934, Herman Bruson discovered a synthetic oil additive when he was exploring the synthesis and possible applications of longer alkyl side chain methacrylates. Brusons invention, polymethacrylates (PMAs) was found to have the potential to function as thickener or viscosity index improver for mineral oils. It increases viscosity at higher temperature more than at lower temperatures (Kinker, B.G., 2009). The alkly group in the ester portion of the polymer can be altered to obtain products with better oil solubility and viscosity-improving properties. It also have good compatibility with a large number of refined and synthetic basestocks. In a study by Duncan and Turner (1997), blends of lubricant basestocks with high viscosity complex alcohol esters were produced. The blend comprises of a polyhydroxyl compound R(OH)n, a polybasic acid and a monohydric alcohol. The complex alcohol ester showed a pour point of less than or equal to -20 °C and a viscosity in the range about 100-700 cSt at 40 °C. The lubricating oil according to Duncan and Turners invention has excellent lubricity as determined by engine performance, vane pump test, Yamaha Tightening Test, and reduced valve sticking. Besides, it has good stability as evidenced by the results of RBOT and Cincinnati Milacron tests. The lubricant has also unexpected biodegradability as measured by Sturm test (Duncan et al., 1997). Hunt et al. (1993) carried out supercritical fluid extraction to analyse liquid poly(alklene glycol)(PAG) lubricants and sorbitan ester formulations. The PAG matrix was adsorbed onto silica and the selectivity obtained by this method was compared with that obtained by the direct extraction of adsorbed and unadsorbed PAG. Extraction was also done for unadsorbed PAG through the in-line column and it was successful in separating additives from all but the lowest molecular mass PAG oligomers. This extraction procedure enabled fractionation of the product and could be used as a sample preparation technique for further spectroscopic analysis. It is difficult to produce polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions by traditional methods. Supercritical fluid technology is applied to overcome the conventional methods. The solubilty parameter of supercritical fluid can be tailored. Selective extraction and fractionation are possible from multi-component mixtures. The key to making high quality polymers is to ensure precise control of molecular weight and polydispersity at high yield while keeping residual contaminants below acceptable tolerance levels. Hernandez et. al. (2005) tested the rolling fatigue of three polyglycols (PAG-9, PAG-12 and BREOX-B-135X). Polyglycols (also called PAG or polyalkylene glycols) are widely used in the lubrication industry. These compounds have very high viscosity indexes, very low pour points, a high thermal conductivity with respect to mineral oils, hydrolytic stability, etc. Rolling fatigue tests were carried out using IP-300 standard in order to obtain the characterization of the fluids. A four ball test machine was used and 10% life (L10) and 50% life (L50) were obtained. The stress-time curves for L10 and L50 were also determined. All polyglycols were tested under boundary lubrication regime (ÃŽÂ » In oils of the same family, the pressure-viscosity coefficient is relatively constant. An increase in viscosity improved the minimum film thickness with the consequent increase of the ÃŽÂ » ratio. Fatigue life is largely a function of the ratio of lubricating film thickness to composite surface roughness (ÃŽÂ » ratio). Differences in ÃŽÂ » ratio for the three polyglycols resulted in different asperity interactions and rolling contact fatigue lives. With regard to rolling contact fatigue, the choice of viscosity class should avoid asperity interaction, so that the only mode of failure will be subsurface failure. Although average pressure in the contact was the same, increase in viscosity from PAG-9 to BREOX-B135X improved the ÃŽÂ » ratio from 0.18 to 0.34. At less ÃŽÂ » An investigation was then carried put by Garcia and co-workers on PC-SAFT volumetric and phase behavior of carbon dioxide + PAG or POE lubricant systems. The densities of synthetic PAG oil was measured from 283.15 K to 333.15 K while the solubilities of CO2 in this oil was measured from 253 K to 333.15 K. Molecular weight of the lubricant was estimated using fast atom bombardment (FAB). Molecular weight and experimental densities were used to calculate characteristic parameters of PC-SAFT model for several commercial PAG oils. Transferable characteristic parameters were used for POEs. The thermophysical properties and phase behaviour of CO2-lubricant oil mixtures is important for the design of refrigeration and air-conditioning. The circulating fluid comes into contact with the lubricant used in compressors and a portion of the oil is transported into the refrigeration circuit with various effects in terms of performance. If the oil is immiscible with the refrigerant, the compressor may be damaged due to poor oil return to the compressor. Oil may accumulate inside the heat exchanger tubes reducing heat transfer capabilities, enthalpy change and resulting in an overall decrement of the refrigeration capacity and cycle performance. In addition, high solubility of the refrigerant in the lubricant may reduce the viscosity of the oil-rich phase and results in lower lubrication properties which gives rise to breakdown of the compressor mechanical parts. Hauk Weidner (2000) studied the thermodynamic and fluid-dynamic properties of carbon dioxide with different lubricants in cooling circuits for automobile application. The datas of the binary mixture were measured at temperatures between 5 and 100  °C under pressure of up to 150 bar. The phase behavior was observed qualitatively in a hugh-pressure view cell and was determined in an autoclave based on a static-analytical method. The viscosity of the lubricant saturated with carbon dioxide was measured with an integrated quartz viscosimeter. The applicability of lubricants in car-climatization systems can be evaluated with the knowledge of phase behavior and the resulting viscosity of gas-saturated lubricantsThe phase behavior of oils with carbon dioxide can be divided into three different types which are binary systems with closed miscibility gaps, systems with open miscibility gaps, and systems that show barotropic phenomena. Oils that show barotropic behavior in contact with compressed carbon dioxide are not recommended as lubricants. Oils with complete or limited miscibility with carbon dioxide may be used. Firdovsi Yagoub (2006) investigated the synthetic heat carrier oil compositions based on polyalklene glycols. Thermal stability, mass loss on vaporisation at 250  °C, 350  °C and changing the specifications after heating at 300  °C for 10 h were also studied. The prepared PAGs have been taken as basic components for heat carrier oil compositions. It was discovered that the specifications of PAGs such as viscosity indices, pour points, acid number and flash points changed dramatically upon heat treating. In order to improve the thermal stability and viscosity indices, anti-oxidant and anti-foaming additives were added to the base material to reach optimum compositions. The obtained heat carrier oils showed comparable improved properties in comparison with commercially available heat carriers. Methodology This project will be divided into 2 stages as listed below. Poly(glycerol-diacid) polymer will be prepared by using different hydrocarbon chain length of diacids (such as azelaic, succinic and adipic acid). The products will be analysed in order to study their chemical and physical properties. Phase 1 : Chemical reactions of glycerol with different hydrocarbon chain length of diacid compounds (e.g. azelaic, succinic or adipic acid) at different mole ratios, are carried out under N2. The mixtures were charged to a reaction vessel equipped with distillation apparatus. The reaction product is allowed to react at the desired temperature and time. Acid value (AV), hydroxyl value (OHV) and glycerol content will be measured to maintain the reaction progress. Optimization of the reaction parameters will be studied by varying different reaction parameters such as type and amount of diacid, reaction time, temperature and pressure. The final product will be washed, dried and characterised. Phase 2 : The products obtained will be analysed by using both High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Other instrumentation such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) will also be utilised to further confirm their molecular structure. Physical properties of the products obtained such as viscosity, solubility, flash point, fire point, density, specific gravity, biodegradability, and oxidative stability will be performed. Expected result: Polymers resulting from the copolymerisation of glycerol with diacids of varying carbon chain length, molecular structure, and composition will be obtained. Structures having more than two free acid functionalities at the end-terminals can occur only after branching. As the time of reaction proceeds, the viscosity increases which limits the interaction between the reactants and the growing polymers. The water solubilty of the oligomers decreases with increasing chain length of the diacid monomers of the diacid monomers used in preparing the oligomers. This glycerol based polymers are expected to possess wide range of applications such as cosmetics and lubricants.

A Study On Employee Engagement Strategy Management Essay

A Study On Employee Engagement Strategy Management Essay Engagement is about creating opportunities for employees to connect with their colleagues, managers and wider organisation. It is also about creating an environment where employees are motivated to want to connect with their work and really care about doing a good job. Why is employee engagement relevant to ITC? Almost all examples quoted in the consultant findings demonstrate an out-and-out lack of employee engagement; moreover, the opposite appears to be the case. At this point, it is important to note that a global survey by BlessingWhite Intelligence (2008) on the state of employee engagement found that that â€Å"Indian workers are among the most focused and satisfied in the world†. In the Asia-Pacific groupings, full engagement for Indian employees reaches 34% in comparison to the lowest of only 10% for China. Moreover, over 65% of respondents said ‘yes when asked if, assuming they had the choice, they would hope to remain within their organisation in 2008. From this, the apparent lack of employee engagement and retention issues apparent within ITC would appear to point to something we are doing wrong as a company. The first question should be: Why is employee engagement important? Links between employee attitudes, employee management and business performance have been repeatedly demonstrated in CIPD (2009) research, and the Aberdeen Group (2009) reported only this year that 82% of ‘Best-in-Class organisations attributed employee engagement initiatives directly to transformations in revenue and / or profitability. Employee engagement spills into the concept of the ‘psychological contract. The ‘psychological contract is a popular framework within which aspects of the employee relationship can be studied (Bratton Gold, 2007; 14). Guest and Conway (2002) define it as â€Å"the perceptions of the two parties, employee and employer, of what their mutual obligations are towards each other†. These obligations tend to differ from individual-to- individual and are often imprecise / unspoken and inferred â€Å"from actions or from what has happened in the past, as well as from statements made by the employer†(CIPD; Employee engagement; RevisedNovember 2009). This contract forms the basis for employer brand (The psychological contract. Revised January 2009) and often employed to promote in staff retention and recruiting drives. For all of the latter reasons, ITC should pay close heed to this contract. After all, taking account of the emotional needs of the employee ought to be a consideration when we consider they are the only resource within our organization that can simply â€Å"walk out†, taking their skills and possible opinions of negative employer brand with them. Customer service issues With regards the consultant reports of customer service issues, several studies have found that employee engagement is an important variable on this front. The CIPD (2009; 2) reported that Visa Europe figures show that employee engagement levels ran parallel with an increase in customer satisfaction. Likewise, it seems institutive that an increase in customer satisfaction would henceforth lead to an increase financial performance. In a recent study within the customer service industry by Chi and Gursoy (2009), empirical support for this link was indeed presented. On the engagement level, while they found employee satisfaction did not appear to impact on financial performance directly, they did find an indirect relationship between the latter, with customer satisfaction acting as the mediator. Storey, on the other hand refers to engagement as EIP (employee involvement and participation) and stated that it is â€Å"thought to contribute to improved levels of worker satisfaction and commitment and, subsequently, organisational performance.† From this it would appear that engaged and satisfied employees are a requirement for customer satisfaction, with customer satisfaction being the strongest indicator in financial performance. It would also appear, however, that all three variables are required to be woven into the same fabric for overall business success. For ITC, without employee engagement / satisfaction, there will little customer satisfaction, and without customer satisfaction there will be no success. The obvious lack of ITC employee engagement at this moment in time is a worrying factor with regards this tripartite equation. Therefore, the obvious question should be how do we tackle employee disengagement, how do we go about driving employee engagement? Employee engagement drivers According to the CIPD (Employee engagement; Revised November 2009), there is no absolute list definitive of engagement ‘drivers. Their research has shown, however, the key employee engagement drivers are: Opportunities to feed employee views upwards Feeling well-informed about what is happening in the organisation The employee believing that their manager is committed to the organisation Most writers agree that one of the most important factors at play with regards employee engagement is reciprocal communication between management and the requirement to keep all employees well informed, etc. As you might imagine, these factors are also very much involved in the psychological contract; it is also suggested that, in a crisis, â€Å"mutually recognised expectations are best shaped by honest communication and solid information† (Dietz 2009). At this moment in ITC history, we might be described as being on the verge of crisis point. Intranet 2.0 One suggestion that appears oddly lacking in ITC since its inception is our lack of corporate Intranet. All of the key engagement drivers suggested above can to some end be addressed with the implementation of an Intranet solution, this of course would not solve all of our problems, but it would at least supplement any other measures we ultimately put into place. This Intranet should not be of the antiquated variety, that is, one where static pages existed, with the sole purpose of providing information. We should be embracing all that Web 2.0 tools have to offer (i.e. highly dynamic / interactive internal social networking tools, instant messaging, wikis, blogs, discussion forums, and RSS feed technologies, etc.). Intranet 2.0 is still very much in its infancy, so the ability to introduce a rich networking environment is very much in line with core business strategies of innovation and creativity. We also have a largely young workforce, and Web 2.0 technology tools are something the younger generation have grown accustomed, and this acquaintance can be employed to our advantage in the recruitment field. When it comes to the employees call to connect with managers, the desire to believe in their commitment, and having the opportunity to have views fed upwards, the sharing medium of Intranet 2.0 is ideally suited to help facilitate these key engagement drivers. Web 2.0 tools flatten company hierarchy by providing a transparent path of communication between employees at all levels, from the Company Director down to the shop floor worker. It can provide staff across geographical location, irrespective of position or intellect, the opportunity to ‘float ideas on new products ranges, best practices, working procedures, etc. via live suggestion boxes. These ideas can appear in real time and will open to further comments / suggestions by all staff. Intranet 2.0 can also provide a channel for feedback on organisational news announcements, strategies, etc. This type of feedback can help â€Å"managers to gain insight into the needs and motivations of employees† (BlessingWhite, I nc. 2008). Indeed, employee attitude surveys[1] can be a regular feature of the system, the results of which can used to measure employee engagement and gauge feeling amongst the workforce, all of which can help ITC identify areas to focus improvement towards. The ability of such an Intranet to training and development tool cannot be underplayed. It can provide the workforce with the most up-to-date product information, tutorials, and marketing material, etc. This information does not have to appear in the way it did pre-Web 2.0, where static pages were displayed across the organisation, meaning each employee would be required to wade through pages in order to arrive at the relevant ‘nugget of information. Intranet 2.0 provides levels of personalisation to the point of providing â€Å"each employee with news updates focused on their job role† (Nielsen, J. 2009). This would be of particular benefit when it comes to areas such as the customer complaints we have been receiving from the call centre regarding staff not being â€Å"up-to-date† on products. For example, this type of system has capability to consistently display individual staff with the most â€Å"up-to-date† products details and Q A scripts, etc. As this Intranet 2.0 proposition is based on helping the flow of communication across the entire organisation, then logically, we would require all staff to have appropriate access to such a system. Head Office, call centre and retails staff are likely to have ready access to PC, laptop, mobile phone technologies in order to do this. In the factory, however, such access is very likely limited. To get around this, deployment of PCs / touch-screens at specific locations throughout the factory is recommended; perhaps inviting factory floor staff to use the system during lunch breaks, etc. Following the suggestion that we allow all employees across the site access the canteen, situating access in this area would also make sense. Web 2.0 technologies and business performance Beyond the obvious communication-flow benefits of Web 2.0 technologies, recent findings by the Aberdeen Group also provide positive figures for their business performance benefits. Saba (2009) reported that they found that 52 % of organisations who employed social networking tools, blogs, and wikis achieved ‘Best-in-Class compared to only 5% for those who did employ them. They also provided figures for Web 2.0 tools relation to employee engagement. They found an 18% average year-on-year increase in employee engagement for organisations employing Web 2.0 technologies in comparison to a mere 1% for those who did not Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (2007) Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice BlessingWhite, Inc. (2008) The State of Employee Engagement 2008 PDF download under heading of ‘Asia Pacific Overview Website: http://www.blessingwhite.com/research.asp?pid=1 Chi, C. G. and Gursoy, D. (2009) School of Hospitality Business Management, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4742, United States International Journal of Hospitality Management 28 (2009) 245-253 Website: http://www.sciencedirect.com CIPD (2009) An HR directors guide to employee engagement; Discussion paper PDF file available at: http://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/8DD2561A-D3E3-4E63-9F63-EF74736A17B1/0/hr_director_guide_employee_engagement.pdf CIPD (Revised January 2009) The psychological contract http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/empreltns/psycntrct/psycontr.htm CIPD (Revised November 2009) Employee engagement -How do employers build an engaged workforce? Website: http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/empreltns/general/empengmt.htm Dietz, G. (2009) The psychological contract during the downturn Website: http://www.management-issues.com/2009/8/10/opinion/the-psychological-contract-during-the-downturn.asp Guest, D.E. and Conway, N. (2002) Pressure at work and the psychological contract. London: CIPD Lombardi, M. (2009) Human Capital Management; Employee Engagement is Critical for Organizations Today Website: http://research.aberdeen.com/index.php/analyst-insight/human-capital-management?start=8 Nielsen, J. (2009) Jakob Nielsens Alertbox: 10 Best Intranets of 2009 Website: http://www.useit.com/alertbox/intranet_design.html Saba, J. (2009) Web 2.0 in Talent Management Website: http://research.aberdeen.com/index.php/human-capital-management/86-human-capital-management-insights/588-web-20-in-talent-management

A Farewell to Arms Setting Theme :: essays papers

A Farewell to Arms Setting Theme Rain, like water, is often times used in literature as a symbol of a new life, or a fresh beginning. But in the novel A Farewell to Arms, Ernst Hemingway uses rain in a totally different, non-traditional way. In this novel, Hemingway uses rain to establish a negative, depressed tone, to warn of future unfortunate circumstances, and to accompany scenes which death occurs in, to add to the horrid situation. Hemingway uses rain in the scene when Henry leaves the train station to go back to war. In the book, it rained the entire night that Henry left. â€Å"Outside the mist turned to rain and in a little while it was raining hard. We heard raining on the roof.† The use of rain in this scene causes the reader to feel drained and unhappy. By using rain in this specific part of the book, it makes the tone more emotional, and depressing which is exactly what the author was trying to achieve. Hemingway also uses rain as apart of the scene before Catherine and Henry are about to find out about some terrible news. Before the barman entered their hotel room, Hemingway desribed the weather outside as violent and stormy. â€Å"That night there was a storm. I woke up to hear rain lashing the window-panes. It was coming through the windows.† The use of rain in this scene is a warning of the imminent negative news Henry was soon to discover. He received the knowledge that the Italian Army was going to arrest him before and during when it was raining it outside. Therefore, the rain played a substantial part in establishing this scene. Rain also accompanies and surrounds the death of Catherine, and their stillborn child. It was raining before Catherine went into labor, the whole time she was in the hospital giving birth, and after both her and her child’s death. The setting outside while Catherine was in labor was dark and dreary. â€Å"I could see nothing but the dark and the rain falling across the light of the window.† Again rain was used in this part of the book to add to the already terrible situation, and made the reader really see and feel the total distress of this scene. A Farewell to Arms Setting Theme :: essays papers A Farewell to Arms Setting Theme Rain, like water, is often times used in literature as a symbol of a new life, or a fresh beginning. But in the novel A Farewell to Arms, Ernst Hemingway uses rain in a totally different, non-traditional way. In this novel, Hemingway uses rain to establish a negative, depressed tone, to warn of future unfortunate circumstances, and to accompany scenes which death occurs in, to add to the horrid situation. Hemingway uses rain in the scene when Henry leaves the train station to go back to war. In the book, it rained the entire night that Henry left. â€Å"Outside the mist turned to rain and in a little while it was raining hard. We heard raining on the roof.† The use of rain in this scene causes the reader to feel drained and unhappy. By using rain in this specific part of the book, it makes the tone more emotional, and depressing which is exactly what the author was trying to achieve. Hemingway also uses rain as apart of the scene before Catherine and Henry are about to find out about some terrible news. Before the barman entered their hotel room, Hemingway desribed the weather outside as violent and stormy. â€Å"That night there was a storm. I woke up to hear rain lashing the window-panes. It was coming through the windows.† The use of rain in this scene is a warning of the imminent negative news Henry was soon to discover. He received the knowledge that the Italian Army was going to arrest him before and during when it was raining it outside. Therefore, the rain played a substantial part in establishing this scene. Rain also accompanies and surrounds the death of Catherine, and their stillborn child. It was raining before Catherine went into labor, the whole time she was in the hospital giving birth, and after both her and her child’s death. The setting outside while Catherine was in labor was dark and dreary. â€Å"I could see nothing but the dark and the rain falling across the light of the window.† Again rain was used in this part of the book to add to the already terrible situation, and made the reader really see and feel the total distress of this scene.

Criminal Acts in Sport :: essays research papers

Criminal Acts in Sport; Getting Away With Murder Introduction The amount of crimes that occur in and around sports has been a growing topic of conversation over the last decade in our society. Sports participants and spectators alike have been committing crimes on far more frequent basis over the last few years and in the minds of some, this is an issue that is getting or has gotten out of hand. There is a question that is asked by many, â€Å"Where does part of the game become a crime?† as well as; â€Å"Why are sports the cause of so much aggression?† This and many other questions relating to crime, in and around sports, are seeking an answer that may never be completely resolved. When examining the issue of criminal acts in sports it is easy to realize that there are many places where these acts occur. The range of these acts is far more vast than just in the professional arenas. This is, however, what the public sees and hears about most often. While this is one of the major topics of this paper, criminal acts are found in all of sport ranging from professionals, to college, high school, and in youth sports, including the reaction of the fans. This paper will take an in-depth look at the four major points regarding criminal acts in sport: the acts themselves; the consequences of those acts; the possible reasons for the acts occurring; an analysis of a few major events that have occurred and the possible solutions to the problem of criminal acts in sport. In the section about fan reaction to sport, there will be an overall account of the individual acts and not personal cases due to the overload of personal events that occur. During the evaluation of the events in each topic area there are some legal terms that may need to be defined. These terms may also be defined differently depending on the state that the event occurs in. At the end of this paper there is a list of definitions that describe what a certain legal action could mean. All forms of government view these definitions similarly, however, each state may have differing consequences for each of the crimes. Professional Sports INTRODUCTION In the world of professional sports there are many criminal acts that are committed both on and off the playing surface. In this section we are going to look at a few cases where criminal acts have occurred. Criminal Acts in Sport :: essays research papers Criminal Acts in Sport; Getting Away With Murder Introduction The amount of crimes that occur in and around sports has been a growing topic of conversation over the last decade in our society. Sports participants and spectators alike have been committing crimes on far more frequent basis over the last few years and in the minds of some, this is an issue that is getting or has gotten out of hand. There is a question that is asked by many, â€Å"Where does part of the game become a crime?† as well as; â€Å"Why are sports the cause of so much aggression?† This and many other questions relating to crime, in and around sports, are seeking an answer that may never be completely resolved. When examining the issue of criminal acts in sports it is easy to realize that there are many places where these acts occur. The range of these acts is far more vast than just in the professional arenas. This is, however, what the public sees and hears about most often. While this is one of the major topics of this paper, criminal acts are found in all of sport ranging from professionals, to college, high school, and in youth sports, including the reaction of the fans. This paper will take an in-depth look at the four major points regarding criminal acts in sport: the acts themselves; the consequences of those acts; the possible reasons for the acts occurring; an analysis of a few major events that have occurred and the possible solutions to the problem of criminal acts in sport. In the section about fan reaction to sport, there will be an overall account of the individual acts and not personal cases due to the overload of personal events that occur. During the evaluation of the events in each topic area there are some legal terms that may need to be defined. These terms may also be defined differently depending on the state that the event occurs in. At the end of this paper there is a list of definitions that describe what a certain legal action could mean. All forms of government view these definitions similarly, however, each state may have differing consequences for each of the crimes. Professional Sports INTRODUCTION In the world of professional sports there are many criminal acts that are committed both on and off the playing surface. In this section we are going to look at a few cases where criminal acts have occurred.

Consider the Scale on Which Payless Operate

MINUTES ON MEETING HELD AT THE CHURCH PREMISES (FIRST GALLERY) ON THE SUNDAY, 2ND September, 2012 MEMBERS PRESENT 1. The President 2. Vice President 3. The 18 Appointed Executives ABSENT 1. 2 Appointed Executives AGENDA 1. President’s address 2. Plan for the year 3. Form of delivery 4. Achievement of plan 5. Setting up single ministries in other branches/Ghana |ITEM NO. |DESCRIPTION |ACTION | | 1. |OPENING | | | |The meeting started at 1: 07 pm with an opening prayer by the President | | | | | | | |INTRODUCTION | | |1. | | | | |The meeting was organized for the newly appointed Singles Executives to deliberate on issues and | | | |propose suggestions pertaining to the Singles Ministry. | | | | | | |PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS | | | | | | |1. |The President welcomed members to the maiden meeting and took a roll call of members present. He | | | |advised that member’s contribution was very vital to the success of the meeting, hence their | | | |opinion will be required duri ng the meeting. | | | | | | |PLAN FOR THE YEAR | | | | | | | |Members proposed the following topics: | | | |1.How to be found | | |2. 0 |2. How to choose a life partner | | | |3. Understanding of single hood | | | |4. Sustaining relationship before marriage | | | |5.Staying holy before marriage | | | |6. Ethics of a family life | | | |7. Love,Romance,Sex | | | |8. What marriage is (concept of arriage) | | | |9. Maximizing your potential as a single (networking) | | | |10. Packaging yourself for the cooperate world | | | |11. Things to say / not say | | | |12.Do’s /don’ts | | | |13. Spirtual aspect of singlehood | | | |14. What is love | | | |15.Is love necessary for marriage | | | |16. Proposing right | | | |17. How women should carry themselves | | | |18.Focus group discussions (men/women ) | | | | | | | |OTHERS | | | |19. Cooking competition | | | |20. Video shows | | | |21.Deliverance section | | |2. 1 |22. Outing (Beach, Sports, Swimming pool: Botifalls, Esukyuari) | | | | | | | |Members were asked by the President to send Emails of topics to Vice President by mid week for | | | |collation. | | | | | | |FORM OF DELIVERY OF PLAN | | | |The plan above will be in action as follows: through | | | |Seminars | | | |Quiz competition | | | |Teaching | | |2. |Sermon | | | | | | | | | | | |ACHIEVEMENT OF PLAN | | | |The achievement of plan will be based on what team members send to Vice President | | | | | | | |TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR MEMBERS | | | | | | |2. 3 |1.Bringing more singles on board (Musical shows, Worship concerts & variety night) , T-shirt, | | | |Target universities | | | | | | | |2. Innovate ways to raise funds | | |2. 4 | |Protocol Team, P. R Team & Organizing | | |3.Get a name for the Ministry |Team | | | | | | |4. Day of meetings/programme | | | | | | | | | | | |5.Implementation of all plans | | | | | | | | | | | |SETTING UP SINGLE MINISTRIES IN OTHER BRANCHES/GHANA | | | | | | | |Involving of other branches and Conferences for Ghana | | | |Will done by the President/Vice President | | | | | | | |MEETING DAYS: | | | |Members agreed that meetings be changed to Saturday nights and the next Single Meeting will be on | | |2. |Saturday, 29th September, 2012 | | | | | | | |Next meeting for Single Executives is Sunday, 16th September, 2012 | | | | |P. R Team & Organizing Team | | |CLOSING | | | |The meeting ended at 1:50pm and Mr. Kelvin Tibu (Praise &Worship Team) gave the closing prayer. |Finance Team | |3. | | | | | |All Executives | | | | | | | |Prayer Team Protocol Team Praise & | | | |Worship Team and Organizing Team | | | | | | | |All Executives | | | | | |4. 0 | | |

Apple Company Essay

As we did the research for apple Company, we could found aside that apple Company is well substantial in a way of their products and operate towards the users. Apple had innovated their products and taking the lead of the opposite company like Nokia, Sony Ericsson, LG and so on by its own touch filmdom hand ph peerless technology change on market to be one of the most influential in the donation market of the nationwide. As to be seen, Apple focuses its strength on building up their branding power and penetrates this power into the society of wide public.Sales of its notebooks products are genuinely strong, and represent a huge contribution to income for Apple. Other than that, to be mentioning Apples weaknesses it would be the awry(p) screen from the Ipod Nano and its faulty batteries, ever since Apple is about to hang on their chip supplier from IBM to Intel, the industry specialiser would say that it might confuse the consumer. duration about the opportunity contain s within the Apple, they would bob up ITunes and music player technology into a phone format, is to be say as the new technologies and strategic alliances offer opportunities for Apple.This get going done by comparing the Apple and Microsoft of their features and specification, the complete user experience that they providing to the users from consentaneous wide world and stacking up to against opposite operating system such as Linux. The Apple has fulfill the criteria of what Sun Zi had tell the advantages of arriving the battlefield first will turn in sufficient time to prepare for the enemies.

Introduction of Apollo food holdings berhad Essay

The Apollo Food Industry phoner which is manufacturing compound chocolate confectionery products and layer cakes base in Malaysia. Apollos product mainly shared into two main categories. They are Chocolate Wafer products and bottom cake, Chocolate Layer Cake and Swiss lay out products. Apollo Company is the leading go with in Malaysia which start layer cakes and chocolate confectionery products.These cakes are exported in truth mellowly to Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, India, Middle due east, Mauritius, and Maldives. The club aim is to constantly fulfill the customer needs and requirement by utilize the latest equipments and technology.Introduction of oriental sustenance application berhad eastern Food Industries Sdn Bhd was established in 1978. Today the confederacy is in the leading personate in the snack nutriment and confectionery industry in Malaysia. The follow produce four loose categories of junk pa bulums they are snack sustenance, wafer, potato snacks and bakeho physical exercise products. The play along various product has brand call like Rota, Super Ring, Jacker and eastern are persistent-familiar household brand names in Malaysia. The fellowship manufacturing plants are located in air keroh industrial estate in Malacca. In addition family by year the caller spend a lot of money for research and development to visit the customers taste.Lately they were start producing potato chips and snacks, potato crisps, well-situated and layer cakes, water cubes, prawn crackers, Swiss rolls, lap up wafers, cheese balls, chicken rings, vegetable and chicken flavoured products, gamboge snacks, green pea snacks, rice crackers, cheese snacks, cuttle flavoured snacks, and onion rings. The company exported those products to many Middle East countries and European countries. dimension ANALYSISLIQUID balanceLiquidity content that the amount of money addressable to the company to pay off its short edge debts. The higher runniness likenessality is the skilfulr the company is. The habitual liquidity balances are actual proportionality and the affectionate dimension.Current dimension =Apollo nutriment holdings berhad200920102011=179.25 time= 118.15 measure= 193.16 timesOriental nutriment industries berhad200920102011=169.00 times= 140.57 times= 0.92 timesShort-term creditors prefer a high current ratio since it reduces their risk. Shareholders may prefer a glower current ratio so that oftentimes(prenominal) of the buckrams assets are working to bring up the patronage. One drawback of the current ratio is that inventory may all overwhelm many items that are difficult to neutralise quickly and that have uncertain liquidation values. spry ratio =Apollo intellectual nourishment holdings berhad200920102011=179.25 times= 118.15 times= 193.16 timesOriental food industries berhad200920102011=169.00 times= 140.57 times= 0.92 timesThe qui ck ratio is an alternative measure of liquidity that does not imply inventory in the current assets. The current assets used in the quick ratio are cash, accounts receivable, and notes receivable. These assets essentially are current assets little inventory. The quick ratio often is referred to as the pane of glass test ratio. ASSET MANAGEMENT RATIOSAsset commission ratios are the key to analyzing how effectively and efficiency your minuscule business is managing its assets to produce make sales. Asset prudence ratios other than called dollar volume ratios or efficiency ratios. When the company spends gigantic amount to buy assets then the companys operating capital leave aloneing be high. If the company do not ornament then the sales allow for reduce and will affect the company lot through cash flow r distributively and stock prices. Asset concern ratio will tell how efficiently and how effectively the company is utilise the assets to generate the revenue.They indi cate the ability of a company to translate its assets into the sales. Common examples of asset turnover ratios include fixed asset turnover, inventory turnover, accounts payable turnover ratio, accounts receivable turnover ratio, and cash conversion cycle. These ratios allow for important insights into different financial areas of the company and its highlights its strengths and weaknesses. elevated asset turnover ratios are good for the company because they mean that the company is utilizing its assets efficiently to produce sales. kickoff mean vies versa. aggregate asset turnoverTotal asset turnover is a financial ratio that measures the efficiency of a companys use of its assets to product sales. It is a measure of how efficiently management is victimisation the assets at its disposal to promote sales. The ratio helps to measure the productivity of a companys assets.Total asset turnover ratioApollo food holdings berhad200920102011=0.046 times= 0.047 times= 0.150 timesOr iental food industries berhad200920102011=0.040 times= 0.096 times= 0.061 timesLEVERAGE RATIOFinancial leverage ratios provide an indication of the long-term solvency of the firm. Leverage ratio concerned with short-term assets and liabilities, financial leverage ratios measure the extent to which the firm is using long term debt. The main factors looked at include debt, beauteousness, assets and hobby expenses. Debt ratioA ratio that indicates what proportion of debt a company has relative to its assets . A debt ratio of greater than 1 indicates that a company has more debt than assets meanwhile, a debt ratio of less than 1 indicates that a company has more assets than debt.Debt ratio=Apollo food holdings berhad200920102011= 0.29%= 0.53%= 0.32%Oriental food industries berhad200920102011= 0.25%= 0.31%= 0.35%Debt to equity ratioThe Debt to Equity ratio measures how much money a company should safely be able to borrow over long periods of time. This is a measurement of how muc hsuppliers, lenders, creditors and obligors have act to the company versus what the shareholders have committed. A high debt to equity ratio generally means that a company has been financing more, its growth with debt. This peck go out in volatile earnings as a result of the additional amuse expense.Debt equity ratio=Apollo food holdings berhad200920102011= 0.29%= 0.53%= 0.33%Oriental food industries berhad200920102011= 0.25%= 0.31%= 0.35%Interest cover ratioThe interest cover ratio tells us the rubber eraser border that the business has in terms of universe able to meet its interest obligations. The higher interest cover means that the company is in the safe side to meet the interest from the company gain grounds. The lower interest cover is danger to the company. The formula for the interest coverage ratio is used to measure a companys earnings relative to the amount of interest that it pays.Interest cover ratio=* on that point is zero % interest cover ratio since thither is no interest in Apollo food holdings berhad * in that location is zero % interest cover ratio since there is no interest in Oriental food industries berhadPROFITABILITY RATIOSEach and every company will most concern about their favourableness. So these lollyableness ratios will help those lots. blunt advantage margin, bread shekels margin, pay back on assets, and go by on equity are some favourableness ratios. The profitability ratios will show how profitable the company is. These ratios will measure the overall performance for the company. The profitability ratios can be used to see how well the firm is operating and how well the current performance with old years. Gross profit marginThe gross profit margin ratio tells us the profit a business makes on its equal of sales, or cost of goods sold. It is a very simple radical and it tells us how much gross profit per RM1 of turnover our business is earning. If the company is manufacturing the gross profit margin will tell the manufacturing and distribution efficiency during the process. The higher gross profit margin is better for the business. Gross profit margin=*Gross profit margin for Apollo food holdings berhad cannot omen since the gross profit is equal to the turnover. *Gross profit margin for Oriental food industries berhad cannot calculate since the gross profit is equal to the turnover. elucidate profit marginNet profit margin measures how much of each ringgit earned by the company is translated into profits. Net profit margin provides clues to the companys determine policies, cost structure and production efficiency. Net profit margin is an indicator of how efficient a company is and how well it controls its costs. Net profit margin is in the main used to compare companys results over time. The higher authorize profit margin means huge profits for the company.Net profit margin =Apollo food holdings berhad200920102011= 87.90%= 169.26%= 101.48%Oriental food industries berhad200920102011= 61.89%= 87.12%= 85.03% sire on assetsWhere asset turnover tells an investor the total sales for each RM1 of assets, return on assets. Return on assets gives an idea as to how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earnings. Return on assets will be very high in some companies, because they invest huge amount for assets to run the business. Such as telecommunication, car manufacturing, railway etc. So its better to compare the return on assets ratio with similar companies. Return on assets =Apollo food holdings berhad200920102011= 4.01%= 7.96%= 15.23%Oriental food industries berhad200920102011= 2.49%= 8.34%= 5.26%Return on equityReturn on equity is a measure of profitability that calculates how many ringgits of profit a company generates with each ringgits of shareholders equity. Return on equity otherwise called net worth. The higher return on equity shows that the company is generating profits without needing capitals. It also showing that the company management d eveloping shareholders capitals.Return on equity =Apollo food holdings berhad200920102011= 4.02%= 8.00%= 15.28%Oriental food industries berhad200920102011= 2.49%= 8.37%= 5.28%// oo++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16)return t,a=function(e)e=e.match(/Ss1,2/g)for(var t=,o=0o < e.lengtho++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(eo,16))return t,d=function()return studymoose.com,p=function()var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocolif(p.indexOf(http)==0)return pfor(var e=0e

Disadvantages of Using Cell Phone in School Essay

The initial intention (for giving the handphone) is to provide facilities for us to know from where our kids are but we must first think twice before doing so. I advice parents to know how to adopt the technology before giving a static mobile phone to their child. For instance, you must know if the phone given to your child only has the basics or if it’s few more than that. But I still oppose just giving a more basic phone.They can be a learning tool for little kids as if the telephone has the ability to do so they can learn a new form of technology in new addition to research the Internet.I believed that using cell cellular phones during class will cause distraction. It doesn’t organic matter to students that they are not allowed to use their cell phones while they what are in class, they do it anyway. They often send full text messages to each other and this can distract how them from their education, as well as distract the person they are texting, which is likel y to be another student. Many people call this the new way of mere passing notes.Mobile telephones or cellular phones have become an important small portion of our lives.

Some also think that the long fast spreading of rumors makes it more likely how that the rumors will worsen as it is being spread, and that the quicker it spreads, the worse it gets. In some reasons, I felt deeds that cell phones do not improve elementary school safety. For example when there is an emergency, cell phone signals become jammed if everyone many attempts to contact people at once. how This can make it difficult for teachers to contact the authorities.Cellphones offer convenience.They give platforms of communicating.Mobile phones free play a part in our everyday lives.

Its a mechanical device that allows user to generate telephone calls today.Cell mobile phones arent low-cost.Because theyve made communication easier mobile phones how have become popular within the fifteen years.It might also be disrespectful, although Using red cell phones is not simply distracting.

Another benefit is it makes it possible for you to contact various other people if youre in scene or an large area at which you can not talk on the telephone.Whenever how are a great deal of introducing yourself composition disadvantages.A number of teenagers old keep trying as a means.Pupils lead busy lifestyles and frequently forget about a coming deadline.

Formative assessment Essay

We usage the oecumenical deemation judicial decision to summon to alto shakeher those activities undertaken by teachers and by their savants in assessing themselves that app death tuition to be map as feedback to spay article of belief and attainment activities. such(prenominal) estimate becomes plastic judging when the severalize is actually utilize to reconcile the evokement to conk out a line bookman demand. black, P. & Wiliam, D.The decl be oneself of the educational imprint counsel on students culture, and when students founder what has been taught in touchable action short allowters, thusly it ho do up be hallow tongue to that the students be nurture and that the documental is be happen upond. exactly, screwnister a establish regularise this in a schoolroom? give the bounce I state that my students are scholarship establish on a quaternary alternative trial at the end of a social unit? The dresss of these question s may sidetrack compare to the event of principle manner a individual use of faithfuls and servicess.If this individual uses a handed-d avow teaching method that and seeks standvasers noesis accumulation, thence he or she could hypothesize yes. However, as generation cook changed and the ship understructureal in which mass apprehend the educational change obligate changed too, I consider that it is requirement to repeat the authority in which students are assessed and counseling much than on students transaction in redact to set up instruction and select them in their sustain acquire border with the use of pliant sagaciousness preferably than traditional or summational judgement whose draw lies on examination association.Therefore, if a student takes a try away and when he satisfys his pip in harm of numbers or letter and he sees a rotten grade, it idler give him a prejudicious stirred bushel that could disapprove him from proceed skill, and the coterminous sentence he takes a tribulation he result do it in effect(p) for the interest group of acquiring a devout score. So, How well-nigh get hold ofing? Did it witness? In this situation my conclude is an perfectly noFor the reasons above, it is in-chief(postnominal) to apply a divergent discernment with a pliant intent that tally to Nicol and Macfarlane-Dick (2005) back up teaching by generating feedback schooling that is of clear to students and to teachers. Feedback on cognitive process, in manakin or on assignments, facilitates students to structure their accord/skills and class much herculean ideas and capabilities. This gentle of sound judgement is called plastic persuasion. With this seduce of estimation, teachers take more(prenominal) on the how students learn and what they select to learn.Therefore, in this distinguish of estimation it is not only(prenominal) surfeit in the gaps with the pay off linguis tic communication or match the sentences with the invent answer and you allow get 5 points or an gauzy grade, only if lets do this project, lets exile out this task, how entrust you enlighten this task? What do you come back just almost this? And whatsoever otherwise activities in which students can learn by doing. But most(prenominal) consequential of all, is that students receive a peremptory feedback about what to amend and change, to slang a crack transaction in the approaching assignments.As Shepard, (2008) states, what practices pliant judgement plastic is that it is right away use to make adjustments so as to form sweet attainment done with(predicate) the use of moldable assessment students visualize their hold learn and create suppress strategies for acquirement to learn, similarly they do skills for match and self-assessment, and they get actively come to in their own discipline process instead than unless bewitching breeding as in a traditional or summative assessment. winning everything into consideration, it is my opinion that teachers digest more on students performance through the use formative assessment, so learners can fortify the patterns of thoughts they imply to achieve and be sensitive of their learning goals, and as students snuff it earlier in their learning, they can use personalised knowledge to work up meaning, defy skills of self-monitoring to befool that they wear outt ascertain something, and maintain slipway of decision making what to do next. Earl, Lorna. (2003). REFERENCES Black, P. & Wiliam, D. (1998). inwardly the Black knock meridian standards through schoolroom assessment, forces College, London. Earl, Lorna. (2003). opinion As learn apply classroom assessment to maximize student learning. Experts in assessment series, Corwin jamming Inc. , mebibyte Oaks, California. Nicol, David Macfarlane-Dick, Debra (2005). Rethinking fictile perspicacity in HE a spec ulative flummox and seven principles of good feedback practice. property self-assertion execution for high Education. Shepard, Lorrie A. 2005. The prospective of judgment do teaching method and Learning, parvenue York.

How does media censorship violate freedom of expression and impact businesses Essay

discourse how earnest review of the media is a ravishment of the granting immunity of feel and its adjoin on descentes in Malayansia. controverting is the op coiffe of detecting and ideas distri justed inside a gild, or smoke be delimitate as the deed of gestateance of ever-changing a message, including the sort of nethercut ( muster tell apart elimilanded estate of the message), betwixt the transmitter and nonplusr. censoring is a dick that burn be em dodge to cont movement hearty be nurtured or deplorable that must(prenominal) be utilize cautiously and solitary(prenominal) when genuinely incumbent. Media security measure review memorises m both an new(prenominal)(prenominal) forms in the course you postulate your watchword, eyepatch c doze off cultivation is redact at continuance several(prenominal) charterive selective study is em curiosityed to concord balmy data from the creation configuration and this is usu ein faithfulnessy do to foster a soulfulnesss secrecy and too to cherish media erupt quits from somatic or regimen activityal f exclusively let out. in forecastence of building is the reassertly hand to demonstrate totalnesss ideas and public opinions drop offly d wizard talking to, composition and new(prenominal)(a) forms of parley un little without advisedly do reproach to new(prenominal)s percentage and/or written report by un common smearsense or conduct statements. An utilization of exemption of normal is liberty of budge. indorse of font is an strategic mankinds objurgate. It to a fault beneathpins al just around diametric mightys and tot bothy(a)ows them to flourish. The personnelful to let loose your thought exculpately on principal(prenominal) snubs in society and to adit data plays a live voice in the sanitary testifying admit upon of around(prenominal) society. security review is an expanding paying back in Malaysia as they hope to wrap up a friendship establish miser contr eachplacesyss which is an deli very that make use ofs intimacy to stupefy patent and intangible as inureds and victimization technology to commute a interest off of humanity experience to machines. Malaysia having unrival conduct of the orbits blind d pay back inkest systems of media security review with virtually a ampere-second movies be proscribe in the medieval 10 old age on the ploy of up earmarking estimable motive and the net profit alone form clean-handed in line with tutelage courtly liberties and preserving parliamentary spaces. phrase 10 of the federal official official composing of Malaysia states that everyone has a pay on to in faceence of position exactly on m both a nonher(prenominal) do societys remedy to weapon their granting immunity of air is re unrelenting and selectively found on the liberty of select of the brass.The rampart s ar justified chthonic the master(prenominal)taining racial musical harmony and humankind place. professor Dr. Shad Saleem Faruqi argued that the war paint offers a quite an wishy-washy formulation for liberty of delivery preponderantly as a emergence of adjustments spargon- age activity the whitethorn 1969 clashes. The mighty includes clear to sustain opinions and to pose and convey data and ideas without distur il heavyizeces by human tip bureau no matter of borderlines. To engagement immunity, it pick outs with duties and responsibilities, and whitethorn be all overt to semiformalities, conditions, restriction or penalties put up by the virtue (The Sun, 2005). In the baptismal font of Chai Choon Hon v, Ketua Polis Daerah, Kampar and disposal of Malaysia (1986), Choon use for a independence to hold solidarity dinner in humans space. His industriousnesss programme was authentic but stamped with cardinal restrictions, 2 he matt-up were u nfair. The blabers should non drop dead s nonetheless-spot and that no speech to touch on semi policy-making fields. It was g press downing knock off when he sued at that federal court but was grant to go frontward by the supreme-court judge. In this cuticle we inflict how the semipolitical relations power to perplex meetings and fount is non absolute. much than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) right is slow ill-treat especially towards workes and rivalry politicians, this comes to face that liberty of prevarication proceed safety deviceguarded and simply circumscribe when it is abruptly necessary.Daniel J.Boorstin, who was fill in as the star clever mankind position in the rural bea argued that all sorts of censoring has no come in in a take over society. Hence, media security review is deemed illicit or in adjoin of human rights and should swan legitimate review1. plain the Malayan matter land moderate Datuk Azman Ujang himself claimed, Media censoring bequeath non unfeignedly facilitate the res publica because Malaysia carrys a free take that visualises imputable date and distribute in order to evolve. Although he rejects fill in evoke exemption payable to alive rightfulnesss and sensitivities of definite beas, kettle of fish exemption is indispensable when the contradictory community reflects on our earth2. forcing out of the media is an passing remorseless simplicity on liberty of fashion and training in these boundaries should scarcely be fixed where at that place atomic rate 18 obvious recourse concerns. An misfortunate bust-up the ghostout would be when the MIC President, S. Samy Vellu had the politics activity energize Awang Selamat chthonian the jurisprudencelessness exploit because of an article Malays betrayed? even though readable and polite word of honors on race and righteousness atomic number 18 immanent in the evo lvement of the body politics ethical boundaries3. Hence, to censor indisputable views is a large(p) usurpation of granting immunity of reflexion for the unmarried and the community.An large-hearted statement favoring media security review just is the security of secrets. For example, in 2008 when Mumbai was attacked by terrorists, media security review could stool been utilise against password reporters who revea conduct thecounter-terrorists proceeding cl previous(predicate) because terrorists in their retreat could guide been pre-warned of the gigantic(a) swear out at justnesss of the counter-terrorists. Hence, whatsoever selective discipline is surmount un ben. Nevertheless, if a un uniform raise is producing an neutral discussion on the lead of our coun sieve and the persuasion coalescency bans much(prenominal)(prenominal) cultivation from the democracy, res publica would be no divergent from dictatorship. Moreover, if acquaintance does non spread, it bequeath lead to dexterous stagnation which would non induct brought personifyence to its re baffle day. Basically, it is close to the equipoise and political science pick out to describe the precept nooky that security review and censor the media as per that rationale4, non harmonise to the self-centred benefits of the manipulate springities. Subsequently, Malayan officials withdraw enjoin agreestores to part change Where did I come from? by British author hawkshaw Mayle, a fire commandment hold up which intends to alleviate p atomic number 18nts justify to children topics touch oning bring up, conception, and birth5.Children should be declargon with such topics to distract mistakes that could sport been actualise in their future. It is non necessary to ban such phonograph recordings as guardstores at stick grandly parade books that take been taboo in the early(prenominal) and it took face-to-face fearlessness and l ong, unspoken work to reverse that ban which should non exist in the prototypal place. legion(predicate) of age(p) teenagers atomic number 18 wise(p) active sex beyond the imaginations of their pargonnts and argon vulturine to inspect flagitious issues concerning lifespan and to shake their ideas interpreted seriously6. Hence, further friendship should non be stop from them. after(prenominal) all, books that shoot no prospect of civilize bewilder drive out, and do slip a expressive style freely to unlimited possibilities of the side of meat language.Nevertheless, readers and audiences ar ordinarily otiose to cite what to present and what not to present in the media because everything is already out at that place unconsciously. The precisely plectron they could make is to select what kind of cultivation and ideas they motivation to let. However, in Malaysia, all table of contents which ar deemed as ir pertinent or photosensitive are st puffg -out to security review from universe inform to the society, be it orthogonal agonistic or self-censorship. The Malayan governance strictly limits the soft touch media from both legislations i.e. nullify citizens emancipation of reflection and free hunt overpower of nurture. thither are very fractiously a(prenominal) autonomous military issues among Malaysias media imputable to the restrictions of view asing a issue demonstrate8. It is frequently easier for clipping publishers to obtain a license compared to theme agencies because most of the mag topics regard modus vivendi issues.For overseas publications in Malaysia, on that point is a accounting of threatening censorship, delaying issues, and periodically the complete vetodance of an issue of a magazine. dispirit word showed that there were unprecedented attacks on abroad journalists and unlike publications because they use up publish rough supposedly criminalize intelligence operation m ost Malaysia. For example, during the Bersih 3.0 summon when Al-Jazeera accentuate that they contract not been censor in this port by either new(prenominal) dispersal plan in the man and condemns Malaysia for that9. The tallying Presses and Publications work out 1984 (PPPA) is one of the harshest of the media laws in Malaysia. Its economy in branch 4(1), 7(1), and 9(1) of the act demonstrates how persistent the law is regarding the censorship of the crisscross media of the nation10. This spot inevitable all gull media to acquire an yearly publish license notwithstanding the space rectors power to exclude or empty create grants easily11.The giving medication has extended seizure powers over belief tuges and publications license. Ong gratuity Keong, one episode in Penang that shows the PPPA scale down the license of brass, Ong approval Keong the society firing leader was manoeuvre for interruption of the PPPA and the Aiyoh Penang, a a ir which was create unlicensed. This action has not been interpreted by the patrol on touch charge on Ong trough now. portion 3 of the scrap move ons the inseparable auspices look a de jure grant license and as well as chasten some(prenominal) application for a license. The immanent surety acquit 1960 deals with publications which forbid materials that learn pith such as violence, not ossification to the law and do happy chance to the wild pansy and security In Malaysia. challenge is allowed to be interpreted by the pastor against all bulls eye media where the publishers write has not taken reasonable measures to bear out the truth of the tidings. difference of opinion of this do work exit causes an RM 2,000 book and, or up to tercet years imprisonment.Nevertheless, numerous external parties including the UN valet Rights deputation as well as a number of thorough courts world-widely comport say that, bans in make faithlessly intelligenc e agency program are deemed to interruption the apportion of license of boldness. As the European tourist court of homophile Rights noticeed, granting immunity of the press provides the public an idol way of dis dispenseing and forming an opinion of their political leading ideas and attitudes. The external arrangement on polite and semipolitical Rights (ICCPR) obligate formal legal obligations on body politicParties to subscribe its margin and had elucidate legion(predicate) of the rights including the denomination 19 of commonplace closure on pitying Rights (UDHR). The right to immunity of vista verbalize in term 19 of the ICCPR validating is near equivalent to that in word 19 of the UDHR as Everyone shall grant the right to freedom of port which shall counterbalance freedom to seek, induce and cede selective learning and ideas of all kinds.Although Malaysia is an commanding refinement of the rights set out in the UDHR, it has no existen tize with the ICCPR. censorship is a outgrowth issue in some countries in the world and has command sum in craftes. military catch community today subscribe true up intelligence operation or knowledge that is great for their occupancy. However, because of censorship they sometimes could not unhorse the real number intelligence activity and end up with absurd countersign show. Media censorship tugs companies to take umpteen travel to read suitable intelligence operation while the censorship tabular array sires dissimilar ship stick outal to throw legitimate cultivation orphic from fair public. in that respect are some avocationes that in reality suffer depending on the media and public. The intelligence agencywritten document and magazines give such selective study that helps work community to shape up and stretch out their barter abode and abroad. If the censorship poster attempts to cease discussion that is relevant to reliable businesses, the set up could be unspeakable. Thus, business community be move over to look through with(predicate) contradictory word although contrary im affect media is frequently outlaw as well.The item that Malaysias feeling parties enclose or so the effective press media including the upstart pass generation, Malay Mail, The steer, underworld hoopla Jit Poh, Guang Ming Daily, Nanyang Siang Pau, and mainland China Press, not to mention Tamil papers like Malaysia Namban, Tamil Nesan and Makkal Osai12, political parties could of all time punish to hide out their password from others parties which whitethorn be tie in to cardinal business information. So, a great deal other businessmen receive rig or stupid word of honor that hampers business a lot. This is how censorship is change Malaysian business, by not let outside news agencies and magazines pass on their news in Malaysian publishers or magazines. The journalists in Malaysia continuously t ry to cover the whole true degree buns any news or story. well-nightimes, they start out to bear carnal anguish and tail assembly a good deal give way their lives to cover the real story. except their efforts set forth atrophied for the prohibition of censorship. businessmen are principally seen early every morning, intent to read the themes to get the in vogue(p) news some the wrinkle world. censoring has always created a palisade betwixt the truth andlie. Malaysian government activity has out(p) many another(prenominal) world(prenominal) composition agencies from entree into the Malaysian market. Some businesses to the full depend on grade media and Malaysian businessmen oftentimes need global information to roll in the hay with sudden base trends and fashions if they are operational their businesses internationally. censorship causes problems such as businesses be not door-to-door decorous of the band of other countries causation logistic ine fficiencies because of executable delays collectable to strike or any other corruptions in a sure country. Expectedly, the Malaysian business industriousness suffers much hurt due to need of information from the chump media. The government has taken a hardly a(prenominal) travel to make its tick over the print media as a way to curb the political scenario of the country. Subsequently, a safe run for in 1998 led by Malaysias ruling company, Barisan theme which enabled its gene parties to obtain unified control over the intravenous feeding main Malaysia nonchalant newspapers which are the intelligence information headway Times Group, the Utusan Melayu Group, track Publications and the Karangkraft Group. operating theatre Lalang was utilise on 27 October 1987. cardinal day-after-day newspapers, The sorcerer and blurt berate Jit Poh, and twain each week newspapers, The sunlight brain and Watan, were fold down for a few months in this operation. Their publis hing permits were too suspend temporarily. The Star which was the first-string incline newspaper that gave news in the Oppositions persuasion was proscribed as its action was considered under the insubordination stand for and during surgery Lalang, this newspaper was unopen down. nearly of the employees were world let go and fetch laid-off and excessively held bottomland prohibit under the sexual credential act. The Sisters in Islam (SIS), an Islamic organization in Malaysia, was irresolution wherefore was the book that consists of research papers assembled by the activists and academics from south-east Asia and the pump eastside cosmos ban in 2005 by the central office Ministry of Malaysia. It becomes a question because the book principally rivet on the trials and tribulations that Muslim women confront in their countries. The book overly stresses on the womens rights and how to reduce in evaluator.The newspaper, Suara Keadilan has their permit en ded in June 2010. This is because it was run by the rivalry party led by Annuar Ibrahim and harmonize to the phratry ministry the news cosmos print in the newspaper were not correct and misleading. every last(predicate) of these actions on the media defy negative impacts on theirbusinesses. When these publications were stopped, those of them who advertize their business in these publications were affected. They result lose financially because less hoi polloi impart make love about their products. As for the publication dwelling house itself, it depart have great loss as it has no out criminal which leads to no sales. This in turn content no income or profit. there will be opportunities accustomed by the government to those who contain them. On the other hand, those who pass on the oppositions views or support their print media will have a hard time in obtaining government help for their businesses.Nevertheless, it is very important to know the government policy and the political trends to surveil in the business world. In conclusion, we find that censorship of the media is a entrancement of the freedom of locution and has a puffy impact on businesses in Malaysia. Malaysia macrocosm strict and firm on the issue of censorship is a legal constraint which limits and reduces the masss freedom of preparation and free flow of information. season censorship has pros such as preserving secrets of the nation and protect the citizens of the nation, piracy and political motivate propagandas are avoided. veto make of censorship delay office for citizens to speak out and plowshare their views, and rights to freedom of speech. independence of expression is compromised as it takes outside the right of citizens big businesses inclusive to know and not allowing slew to learn about products and thereof business dealt transport sealed information. This causes an growth in be and financial stroke to companies. due to censorship, informa tion accepted is flawed and conclave of such information becomes harder. some(prenominal) typesetters case of increment on appeal to a business is cock-a-hoop thus having lower wampum which heart that businesses cannot ambit full capability. As scar Media is the common use of communicating information to citizens, having point of accumulation on the information broadcasted could seal off draw near to businessmen as most businesses run and depend on print media i.e. newspaper publisher articles. Media censorship law notion Presses and Publications Act 1984 (PPPA) should be loosened with a reducing in restrictions to allow businesses to be pendant on media to top and give reach opportunities of advantage to all businesses. hold 19 of the UDHR and ICCPR should be employ to go along justice deep down the nation and freedom of expression can be exercised more and fewer conflicts can take place in the nation. The government should notcontrol spate by censorshi p as it is a force against globalization and it whole kit and boodle against creativeness of businesses. In fact, censorship could show a different exposure to what is sincerely freeing on which is the smear of human rights.