Critical Comparison of Two Frost Poems Essay

Ice endeavors to bring to the peruser his character ‘s encounters with the world. The musings of the character are restricted to his prompt environmental factors yet through the artist ‘s cautious choose from words they reverberation to the peruser ‘s own comprehension, of the general idea of life and his reality and his place. I will look at, two of Frost ‘s sonnets: The Road Not Taken, and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. I will, think about the two sonnets by the impact of its words, sounds, and pictures and how this is huge and which impact does it have. The character in Frost ‘s sonnet The Road Not Taken has a quick and intense communication with his reality as right on time as the main refrain. It shows itself as a junction , which for quite a while leaves the character anguishing for a decision . This contact is significant : its reality implies that life isn't direct , and has not portrayed a given way for a person to take . They veer into numerous , numerous streets , each with its own result and goal. The resulting choice and venture of Frost ‘s voyager opened up a large number of ramifications of his collaborations with the world . The explorer must have deliberately examined and contemplated over the better way or one that has more guarantee . His choice , at long last , was subjective Frost ‘s of the way ‘s verdant and needed wear , on which stood his preferred premise , was effectively discredited by the line that followed : Had worn them extremely about the equivalent . The writer gives no sign of contrast nor anything striking that may affect his character from going to one way in inclination to the next . He is then confronted with this acknowledgment : no two ways are like the point that they can be precisely analyzed . It echoes in a more profound understanding that in life , some of the time choices are made without strong premise or good certitude , and their worth are just about the equivalent †in view of how the individual demonstrations in his choice. Looking again at the character ‘s unexpected jump , we can offer another tranquil perception : while he examined one street To where it twisted in the undergrowth , he took the other , as similarly as reasonable . We have just found that they were considerably a similar way , and of a similar quality . On the off chance that we investigate a later verse , we would see that Frost ‘s character had intended to spare that path for some other time ( Oh , I saved the first for one more day . This idea , and the ensuing choice , stemmed principally from the appearing to be verdant and needed wear guarantee of one way. One significant diamond of thought to be found here is that in life , there are no supreme , unsurprising minutes . Man was shaped with opportunity of thought , will and decision . He is a dynamic being , and dependent upon eccentric impulses and snapshots of suddenness . It is this opportunity , in reality , that shields him from being caught in balance , and uncertainty He may act without obvious consistent premise , and he need not do so We are given another diamond, in this unconstrained demonstration : the voyager ‘s wilful act was attached in a craving to part from routine . Maybe some inward want affected him to avoid the regularity of regular daily existence . This , to him , was a glad second ( I took the one less went by that has had a significant effect . His acknowledgment of its worth explains the way that Man ought not capture himself in cycles and schedules , for there was a world out there that needed wear , and presently can't seem to be found. This demonstration turns into that achievement in an individual ‘s life where he gets mindful of his reality , and how this one little activity has a hundredfold significance . It isn't , anyway , by and large complete †however he has made the significant revelation of the importance of his one decision , and its characteristic extraordinary worth , he is likewise made agonizingly mindful of his humankind His second thoughts all through the sonnet ( sorry I was unable to travel both . I questioned in the event that I should ever returned , just as the contemplation of the title itself ( The Road Not Taken ) are at the core of each human want . Men are characteristically flawed , and can't retain the minute of the universe , significantly less the entirety of the world ‘s encounters It is a mixed idea in retrospect that how path leads on to route ‘ there was no returning to the first course . One is helped at this crossroads to remember the astute guidance of Ignatius of Loyola , that once a decision has been made and made irreversibly , then one ought not worry over its being unmade : We can change its belongings , yet the demonstration of picking is completely finished with.

Woodrow Wilson Essays (532 words) - Presidency Of Woodrow Wilson

Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson was the 28th leader of the United States. He was plainly a significant symbol in the activity of the United States entering World War I. He additionally assumed a significant job in the US taking an interest in increasingly world undertakings during his administration. He came to be known as the prophet of harmony however still today he is a dubious figure throughout the entire existence of the United States. Wilson had an exceptionally solid conviction of official authority. He did an arrangement called the Federal Reserve Act, which set up another framework to back account and banking; the Clayton Antitrust Act, which reinforced prior laws restricting the intensity of enormous companies, and the association of the Federal Trade Commission. Woodrow Wilson likewise did things that spoke to the average citizens like making sure about government credits, showcasing help for ranchers, and supporting 8-hour day for railroad laborers. He even attempted to pass a law that restricts youngster work, which was later closed somewhere near the Supreme Court. These demonstrations helped him get a famous larger part of votes in his second running for president by substantial ranchers, work, and change voters. Wilson had advanced the most debasement free American war endeavor up to that timeframe. After the United States had no real option except to join World War I, three years after its beginning in 1914, a draft was built up called the Selective Service System. Despite the fact that the US attempted to remain nonpartisan during the war, Woodrow Wilson declared war against Germany, because of its need to quit assaulting US ships all of a sudden. The war completed fall of 1918, about a year after the US had entered for the Allies. This came as a triumph for the United States, and demonstrated the measure of intensity it controlled. After the war was over President Woodrow Wilson sketched out a harmony plan called the 14 focuses. It called for national assurance and a conclusion to imperialism. This proposition raised the expectations of nonconformists around the globe. He was in quest for an arrangement that would guarantee an equitable and suffering harmony to follow the accomplishment of the Allies in World War I. Wilson got a place of good administration and devotion among the Allied pioneers. Anyway Wilson's arrangement gained contention and threatening vibe too. A portion of the European victors didn't completely concur with the program. Wilson needed to make redresses and change a portion of his underlying plans to fit progressively pleasing and worthy focuses. Adding to his extended regard, his fourteenth point was perceived in the League of Nations, which was built up because of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Wilson is an appreciated past US president, yet he had a considerable amount of spoilers too. Numerous Americans censured him for diving into a superfluous war, which opened the nation into constraint. Woodrow Wilson is as yet bantered about today. His demonstrations appeared to be in the nation's wellbeing, however his choices may have carried strife into the United States. This is an idea that will be questioned for a considerable length of time to come. President Wilson, anyway will fill in as a recorded symbol for quite a long time to come.

An MIT Underwear Exposé (and Sorting Hat)

An MIT Underwear Exposé (and Sorting Hat) A lot of socializing at MIT happens on the dorm mailing lists. One of my favorite mailing lists is Burton-Conner’s, not because of the content of the mailing list (I’ve never been on it), but because of the excellent barrier to emailing it: it is tradition, a very important rule, and a sign of respect to sign emails to the Burton-Conner dormwide social mailing list with the color of the underwear you are wearing.  (For a more detailed explanation, see Snively ‘11’s post from 2009.) This rule is a huge boon to those of us who are data-curious and kind of creepy. All MIT undergraduates, even those who have never lived in Burton-Conner, have a wealth of data on the self-reported underwear colors of people who have emailed the entire undergraduate population, which includes Burton-Conner. Reasons for emailing all undergraduates include event announcements for student groups and departments, flame wars, and occasionally lost items. In contrast, the kinds of emails sent within a dorm mailing list include, at the top of my inbox right now, parties, house meetings, and foodmobs to restaurants in Boston; decisions about when to turn off the heating for spring, invitations to test food experiments, and a memo to the person who left their clothes in the middle washer; and requests for empty gallon jugs, superglue, cooking scales, male-to-male audio cables, MIDI cables, 120V twist lock connectors, funnels, and hairdryers. At the end of one IAP, from BMF and Destiny kitchens, my room, Cory’s room, and Random Hall desk, I downloaded and parsed all the emails that had been sent to my MIT email address. I extracted the underwear colors from the emails and I retrieved data (this part by hand, not with a script) on the people who had sent them from the MIT people directory. 417 days later I had a very bad headache, so I made pie charts from the parsed data and traced and colored them in BMF kitchen. The data are squirmy, like most data: We can’t know what proportion of the self-reported underwear colors is real and what proportion is made up. My parsing might be imperfect, especially if anyone made a typo. Class years are wrong for anyone who took a gap year between when they sent an email and when I retrieved their data, or for people who were superseniors when I retrieved their data, since superseniors are grouped with seniors in the MIT people directory. Similarly, I can’t know if a person switched living groups or departments after sending their email; they are grouped with the living group and department they belonged to when I retrieved their data, not the living group and department they belonged to when they sent their email. Finally, to protect the privacy of the people wearing the underwear, I am not going to tell you what years these are from. Figure 1a: Underwear Color by Undergraduate Dorm I dearly enjoy these pie charts. They are not a perfect picture but they are a kind of picture of our very varied homes. I think they capture a bit of the self-presentation of the dorm cultures, from one particular perspective and in one particular slice of time.             A few other living groups also contributed their data, though you are officially not allowed to live in these places until your second year at MIT. Figure 1b: Underwear Color by Non-Dorm Living Group       I just checked out Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone to reread it, after reading a particularly engaging/addicting/help fanfic with Harry Potter as a squib. There are lots of parallels between MIT and Hogwarts. Both are magical and occasionally terrifying. Both have weird rooms and passageways to explore and discover, staircases that lead to different places depending on when you take them, and unique and varied houses with beloved authority figures. There are also cupboards, some of them under stairs, where people have been rumored to live. But we don’t have a sorting hat, so I made a sorting hat, using the most comprehensive, unbiased data available to me (which is unfortunately neither comprehensive nor unbiased). We are going to use Bayes’ Theorem, which I think, based on my 5.59 years of experience, is the very favorite theorem of the computer science part of the course 6 (electrical engineering and computer science) department and possibly also course 7 (biology). Bayes’ Theorem allows us to calculate what we don’t know from what we do. Formally, for an event or truth A and an event or truth B, Bayes’ Theorem is as follows: Pr(A|B)  =   Pr(B|A) Pr(A) Pr(B) In other words, the probability of A given that B has happened or is true is equal to the probability of B given A, multiplied by the overall probability of A and divided by the overall probability of B. In our case, armed with the information we collected from my inbox, we can use Bayes’ Theorem to calculate the probability of you living in a dorm given your self-reported underwear color. Pr(dorm|underwear color)  =   Pr(underwear color|dorm) Pr(dorm) Pr(underwear color) If you were wearing purple underwear, for example, we could calculate the probability of you living in Simmons. Pr(Simmons|purple)  =   Pr(purple|Simmons) Pr(Simmons) Pr(purple) Simmons accounts for 10.49% of the undergraduate population living in dorms, and of emails coming from Simmons residents and signed with an underwear color, 11.11% were purple. Finally, we can calculate the denominator, Pr(purple), by adding up the probability of wearing purple underwear in each dorm where people wear purple underwear multiplied by the probability of living in that dorm in the first place. (In other words, the denominator is the sum of all possible numerators.)             Pr(purple) = Pr(purple|Next) Pr(Next) + Pr(purple|East Campus) Pr(East Campus) + Pr(purple|McCormick) Pr(McCormick) + Pr(purple|New House) Pr(New House) + Pr(purple|Simmons) Pr(Simmons) + Pr(purple|Random) Pr(Random) + Pr(purple|MacGregor) Pr(MacGregor) = (10.26%)(10.59%) + (3.23%)(10.89%) + (7.58%)(7.11%) + (6.67%)(8.76%) + (11.11%)(10.49%) + (5.41%)(2.84%) + (18.18%)(9.70%) = 5.64% We can therefore say, if you are wearing purple underwear, that the probability of you living in Simmons is 20.67%. Pr(Simmons|purple)  =   Pr(purple|Simmons) Pr(Simmons)  =   (11.11%)(10.49%)  =   20.67% Pr(purple) (5.64%) We can similarly calculate Pr(Baker|purple), Pr(Maseeh|purple), and so on. (See the supplemental tables at the end of this blog post if you would like to perform these calculations by hand with your own underwear.) From this, we can code up a sorting hat. It won’t be an exact sorting hatâ€"the fact that you are wearing purple underwear only gives you a probability distribution, not a guarantee. But there’s an element of chance to everything, right? So here we are: a probabilistic underwear sorting hat. I may not be practical, But don’t judge on what you see. I’ll eat your clothes if you can find A smarter hat than me. You can dye your boxer briefs, Your bras and panties all; I’m the Probabilistic Underwear Sorting Hat And I can sort them all. There’s no color underpants The Sorting Hat can’t see, So try me on and I will tell you Where they ought to be. My underwear is .  Sort me. We can also frame these data a few other ways. Figure 2: Underwear Color by Guesstimated Binary Gender Figure 3: Underwear Color by Day of the Week The radial axis is the percent of underwear that was each color on that day of the week. The right side is a zoomed in version of the left side, to facilitate viewing the rarer, more fun colors.  Roll over the image if you’re on a computer or click if you’re on a tablet to see each color on its own. We can see that blue is a staple throughout the week. Wednesday is not the day for black, but is a peak day for pink. Saturday’s the day people break out the yellow and don’t wear stripes. Sunday is a great day for silly prints. Figure 4: Underwear Color by Class Year As before, roll over the image (on a computer) or click (if you’re on a tablet) to see each color on its own. There is a sad, persistent decrease in multicolored underwear, ending with none by senior year. There is also a persistent decrease in purple and green and a sharp drop in pink underwear after sophomore year. Meanwhile, blue and grey underwear increase throughout a student’s academic career. Red and white move around but end up where they started: they seem to be occasional staples students come in and leave with. Black sees a sharp increase after freshman year and doesn’t grow after that. Figure 5: Underwear Color by Department Different majors are also nice to look at. I like that course 7 (biology) and course 20 (biological engineering) both have animal prints. I also like that course 16 (aerospace engineering) is colored kind of like airplanes, at least in my mind. Course 6 (electrical engineering and computer science) is the largest department, and has a wide variety of underwear colors.                   My field, computational biology, runs largely on perl, so writing a pattern matching script to parse the contents of my inbox once I had downloaded them was something I was well trained to do. It was surprisingly difficult, however, to collect my data from Google, where all my email addresses supersecretly lead. I did it a while ago, back when you could look up MIT students’ addresses in addition to their years and departments. Things might have changed (I hope they have changed). Here is how I went about obtaining my data: I deleted spam and emptied the trash. In Gmail, there is a gear button in top right corner. Click: Settings, then Accounts, then Other Google account settings, then Data tools, then Download data: Select data to download. Create an archive. Select Mail under Home and Office (if you want, select the labels you want to download) and press the red CREATE ARCHIVE button. Wait (hours or possibly days) for an email.  In my case, the collection happened from 11:15 am to 2:22 am, or 15 hours and 7 minutes to collect 6.78 GB of emails. I tried again with the contents of my MIT label only. This took from 1:30 am to 9:52 am, or 8 hours and 22 minutes to collect 5.77 GB. I followed the link sent to my email. If the file were small, I could have just downloaded it. Unfortunately the file was not smallâ€"decidedly not small. This for some reason necessitated Internet Explorer: other browsers wouldn’t let me download such a large file, and I couldn’t figure out if or how I could curl it. The most frustrating browser was Google Chrome, which pretended to successfully download the file until the very very end, when it gave me a network error and gave up. Safari was kind of fun: it showed the download date as 3 am Jan 24, 1984.The only browser fit for the task, Internet Explorer, is unfortunately (?) no longer available for OS X. I ended up downloading the contents of my inbox onto a computer with Internet Explorer (which may or may not have been a pretty slow computer that belongs to Housing and lives at Random Hall desk, where I might have had very long and, since everyone was asleep, very private Sunday morning desk shifts (I admit nothing)), and th en using an external harddrive to transfer the file to my personal laptop. Stripped of non-text attachments, the 5.77 GB of my inbox was only 137.5 MB. A decent chunk of those 137.5 MB is the Wikipedia article about Vlad the Impaler, which appears in its entirety ten times. The phrase “Vlad the Impaler” appears 535 times. The Bible, from the Book of Genesis through the Book of Revelation, appears twice, and The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels appears 17 times. Without Vlad et al., the emails I cared about, which were those that contained underwear colors, were only 907 KB. This was, by the way, a number of years ago. I’ve hit my 15 GB Gmail limit a few times since then (I’m currently back to 95%). Supplemental Table 1: The Proportion of Dorm-Living Undergraduates Living in Each Dorm (at Capacity) Baker 317 students 9.67% McCormick 233  students 7.11% Bexley (RIP) 116  students 0% New House 287  students 8.76% Burton Conner 346  students 10.56% Next House 347  students 10.59% East Campus 357 students 10.89% Random 93  students 2.84% MacGregor 318  students 9.70% Senior Haus 146  students 4.45% Maseeh 490  students 14.95% Simmons 344  students 10.49% Supplemental Table 2: The Proportion of Emails with Each Underwear Color by Dorm Next House   Burton Conner East Campus McCormick New House black 21.37% 20.93% 6.45% 6.06% 31.67 white 7.69% 4.65% 8.06% 3.03% 10.00% blue 15.38% 37.21% 22.58% 27.27% 20.00% pink 19.66% 4.65% 4.84% 15.15% 15.00% grey 12.82% 2.33% 30.65% 7.58% 3.33% purple 10.26% 3.23% 7.58% 6.67% red 0.85% 11.63% 4.84% 13.64% green 5.13% 2.33% 8.06% 6.06% 3.33% blue-green 0.85% 4.65% 3.03% 1.67% yellow 1.71% 1.61% 4.55% 1.67% orange 1.67% brown 0.85% striped 0.85% 4.65% 1.61% 1.52% polka dotted 2.33% 1.61% animals 0.85% 1.52% 3.33% multicolored 0.85% 4.65% 4.84% 3.03% commando 0.85% 1.61% 1.67% total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Baker       MacGregor Maseeh     Senior Haus Simmons   Random black 39.29% 54.55% 33.33% 13.51% white 10.71% 18.18% 84.62% 11.11% 8.11% blue 17.86% 45.45% 3.85% 9.09% 11.11% 27.03% pink 21.43% 18.18% 7.69% 4.55% 11.11% 2.70% grey 3.57% 3.85% 13.51% purple 18.18% 11.11% 5.41% red 9.09% 8.11% green 3.57% 4.55% 5.41% blue-green 8.11% yellow 3.57% 2.70% orange 11.11% striped 5.41% multicolored 4.55% 11.11% commando 13.64% total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

The Effects Of Mass Media On American Culture - 777 Words

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Roosevelt Essay - 728 Words

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Eleanor Roosevelt was born in New York to her parents Anna Hall Roosevelt and Elliot Roosevelt. With her blue eyes and light brown hair, she would warm the heart of every individual she came across. She grew to be five feet and eleven inches, which to this day makes her the tallest first lady. With regardsRead MoreThe Legacy Of Theodore Roosevelt1001 Words   |  5 PagesTheodore roosevelt, I can honestly say was one of the the most influential and active presidents we ve ever been graced to have. Being the voice of the people, aided our country in environmental concerns, Excelling in foreign policies and winning the nobel peace prize. He had an incredibly fulfilling and prosperous life. Theodore Roosevelt was one of most dynamic Presidents in all of American history. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27, 1858, in New York City, to Theodore Roosevelt, andRead MoreRoosevelt Corollary Of The Doctrine1245 Words   |  5 PagesRoosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine Theodore Roosevelt, often referred to as â€Å"Teedie† (Watts 1) was an American statesman, explorer, naturalist, author, soldier, and a reformer who served as the twenty-sixth President of the United states from 1901 to 1909. Roosevelt was born October twenty-seventh, 1858 in Manhattan, New York City and died January sixth 1919 Cove Neck, NY. (Watts 1) He was the second of four children, his father, Theodore Sr. was a businessman and philanthropist. His mother

The History of the Disney Company Free Essays

The Disney company was founded by Walt Disney and his brother Roy as Walt Disney Productions in 1929 to incorporate their cartoon animation studio. Now it is the largest media and entertainment conglomerate in the world in terms of revenue, and the company is best known for the products of its film studio. The company also owns and operates the ABC broadcast television network; cable television networks such as Disney Channel, ESPN, and ABC Family; publishing, merchandising, and theatre divisions; and owns and licenses 11 theme parks around the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of the Disney Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction for the serviceThe China vacation package first start in 1st april 2008, China is the second country which have†Disney Adventures† in the Asia Pacific region after Australia. The main aid is to show the Chinese culture and traditions. In the 13-day tour, with the Disney’s guides guided to Beijing, Chengdu, Shanghai, Guilin and Hong Kong, climb the great wall, visit the li river, and the wild giant panda protection base in Sichuan province, learn about Chinese calligraphy and kite-making, and even drawing Beijing opera mask personally, visit the Imperial Palace in the Forbidden City and cruise past the breathtaking scenery of Guilin.Cap off the trip with a VIP visit to Hong Kong Disneyland ® Resort. The Specific Trip Highlights for China family vacation from Adventures by Disney threads across cities starting in Beijing and continuing to Chengdu, Guilin and Shanghai before winding up in Hong Kong. SITUATION ANALYSIS The Walt Disney Company is in the entertainment industry. This is a very simple way of saying something much more complicated: The Walt Disney Company is in business to produce entertaining theatrical productions that re family oriented and family friendly; they are in business to create products and toys that will promote their theatrical productions that are both entertaining and safe for children, and also stimulating enough to attract new customers; they are in business to entertain families with children who are looking for a fun, interactive and safe vacation spot both with resorts and parks, and also cruise lines; and finally they are in the business in keeping their name reputable and substantial in a growing business.The service we choose is the Disney China Vacation Package, it is a journey of experience and feel the beauty of the nature and culture, not just a tangible product. The reasons for choosing it include that, as a long distance vication (Travel abroad), offered by a famous company, the service quality is high level. As an example, Each tourists group to China will be given two guides, one from the Disney Company headquarters, and another chinese guide from Hong Kong disneyland, to make sure that the tourists can receive best guide service.So, it is considered as a high involvement purchase. High involvement purchase. Are the purchase closely tied to consumers’ ego and self image, at the same time, it also include some risk like finicial, social or personal risk. So, a Vacation Package service can improve self image with experience nature and humanities environment. The risk primarily come from the finicial, which mean that after a high payment for the service, no one can ensure that all the tourists will interested in and satisfy with the coming journey.So, the consumers will consider a lot of things to decide whether to purchase this or not. Market analysis The target market of the Disney China Vacation Package are the normal America families which are interested in China. As we have mentined, the aim for this journey is to experience Chinese culture and tradition, the tourists go to china to enjoy a cultural tour. For normal americans, it is a good chance to know about chinese culture directly, for the family parents, it is also a great chance to let their children experience the wonderful culture outside their own country.It is a journey to visit, at the same time, it is also a journey to study, to experience. As the result, even China Travel Package is expensive(compare to other package), with the introduction of relevant advertisements in 2008, it received warm response from American families immediately. In erery period of the year of 2008, the tourists team are almost all full. So, the company should keep focusing on the family target market, do research and get information on it, it may bring a great sales increase. Customer analysisThis is normally for the young generation which want to know and experience the Chinese culture, these friends have a firm relationship and can take care of each other, so this trip is not only a tour but also a good chance for them to experience more of their friendship. Normally, they payer should be the ones who are in working now, they can bring their parents or their baby as a family tour team. For the old generation can achieve the dream which they want to do but had no time till now. For the young generation can have the experience of a foreign tou r/culture which is a gift their family can give them now. Competitor analysisDisney Company and the theme park industry there are many competitors, such as Paramount Parks, Universal Studios and Six Flags Theme Parks, as mentioned earlier. However, there are many other less visible competitors that one might not naturally think of when assessing the competitive market in which Disney deals. For example, there are hundreds of water parks and various funplexes that can also be considered as cheaper or more valuable competition for Disney. Competition, in any form, can diminish Disney’s market share in the entertainment industry Company analysis The Disney is a world wide Company is in the entertainment industry.This s a very simple way of saying something much more complicated: The Disney Company is in business to produce entertaining theatrical productions that are family oriented and family friendly; they are in business to create products and toys that will promote their theatrical productions that are both entertaining and safe fo r children, and also stimulating enough to attract new customers; they are in business to entertain families with children who are looking for a fun, interactive and safe vacation spot both with resorts and parks, and also cruise lines; and finally they are in the business in keeping their name reputable and substantial in a growing business. SWOT analysis How to cite The History of the Disney Company, Papers

Economics Proposal To Cut The Budget Deficit Essay Example For Students

Economics: Proposal To Cut The Budget Deficit Essay The federal budget is an explosive problem which if not acted uponsoon, threatens to swallow the entire domestic income. I have placedtogether several decisions that create a minimal impact upon the economy,yet reduce the federal budget deficit by 2/3s. The aggregate demand curveultimately will shift, not greatly, to the right as the economy is slightlyincreased throughout my proposal. To accomplish this feat, the plan to be presented to Congress inJanuary will consist of many revenue increases and some spending increasesand decreases. This plan will not decrease the entire deficit to apositive budget because the impacts of that kind of change could severlycripple the economy. Taxes must be raised, yet to offset the taxes, somespending must be spent to help profit the economy. My plan is similar tothe Gramm-Rudman Hollings Law, except these cuts are possible, but it willtake more than 1 term. The taxing that I plan would move the aggregate demand curve to theleft, as money is taken away from the people. Imposing the Ad Valorem taxon energy, increasing the average residential bills by $50 a year wouldreduce the deficit by 25 billion, and shrink the economy by 4 billion. Making all entitlements subject to income tax would reduce the deficit by74 billion and shrink the economy by 24.66 billion. Basing Medicarepayments on cost of managed care plans would reduce the deficit by 70billion, and shrink the economy by 23.33 billion. Converting Medicaid to ablock grant in states would reduce the deficit by 54 billion, yet decreasethe economy. These tax increases will reduce the deficit by 223 billion,and through the net tax multiplier (mpc/1-mpc while mpc = .25) the economywill shrink at around 70 billion. My increased spending shall position the aggregate demand curve back toits origional place then move it a tiny fraction to the right, as marginalgrowth would be accomplished through this entire plan. Increasing defenses3% in 2002 would increase the deficit by 44 billion, and expand the economy58.66 billion. Increasing domestic discretionary spending would increasethe deficit by 9 billion, and expand the economy by 12 billion. Thespending revenues would raise the deficit by 53 billion, and through theexpenditure multiplier (1/1-mpc), will expand the economy by 70.66 billion. In retrospect, this plan will reduce the deficit by 170 billion andincrease the economy by .66 billion. My political cost throughout thisprocess would rise to 340, making it difficult to be reelected, but once myplan is placed into work, it will reduce the deficit, and keep the economystable.

U.S Involvement In The Vietnam War Essays - Vietnam War,

U.S Involvement in the Vietnam War "No new taxes." This is a quote that most all of us remember from the 1992 presidential election. Along with it we remember that there were new taxes during that presidents term in office. There are a myriad of promises made and things done in a presidential election year that have questionable motives as to whether they are done in the best interest of the people or in the interests of the presidential candidate. These hidden interests are one of the biggest problems with the political aspects of government in modern society. One of the prime examples of this is the Vietnam War. Although South Vietnam asked for our help, which we had previously promised, the entire conflict was managed in order to meet personal political agendas and to remain politically correct in the world's eyes rather than to bring a quick and decisive end to the conflict. This can be seen in the selective bombing of Hanoi throughout the course of the Vietnam War. Politically this strategy looked very good. However, militarily it was ludicrous. War is the one arena in which politicians have no place. War is the military's sole purpose. Therefore, the U. S. Military should be allowed to conduct any war, conflict, or police action that it has been committed to without political interference or control because of the problems and hidden interests which are always present when dealing with polit United States involvement in the Vietnam War actually began in 1950 when the U. S. began to subsidize the French Army in South Vietnam. This involvement continued to escalate throughout the 1950's and into the early 1960's. On August 4, 1964 the Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred in which American Naval Vessels in South Vietnamese waters were fired upon by North Vietnam. On August 5, 1964 President Johnson requested a resolution expressing the determination of the United Sates in supporting freedom and in protecting peace in southeast Asia ( Johnson ). On August 7, 1964, in response to the presidential request, Congress authorized President Johnson to take all necessary measures to repel any attack and to prevent aggression against the U. S. in southeast Asia ( United States ). The selective bombing of North Vietnam began immediately in response to this resolution. In March of the following year U. S. troops began to arrive. Although the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution specifically stated that we had no military, political, or territorial ambitions in southeast Asia, the interests back home were quite a different story ( Johnson ). The political involvement in Vietnam was about much more than just promised aid to a weak country in order to prevent the spread of communism. It was about money. After all, wars require equipment, guns, tools and machinery. Most of which was produced in the United States. It was about proving America's commitment to stop communism. Or rather to confine communism in its present boundaries But most of all it was about politics. The presidential political involvement in Vietnam had little to do with Vietnam at all. It was about China for Eisenhower, about Russia for Kennedy, about Washington D.C. for Johnson, and about himself for Nixon ( Post ). The last two of which were the major players in America's involvement in regards to U. S. Troops being used ( Wittman ). The military involvement in Vietnam is directly related to the political management of the military throughout the war. The military controlled by the politicians. The micro management of the military by the White House for political gain is the primary reason for both the length and cost, both monetary and human, of the Vietnam War ( Pelland ). One of the largest problems was the lack of a clear objective in the war and the support to accomplish it. The predominant military opinion of the military's role in Vietnam in respect to the political involvement is seen in the following quote by General Colin Powell, "If you're going to put into something then you owe the armed forces, you owe the American People, you owe just you're own desire to succeed, a clear statement of what political objective you're trying to achieve and then you put the sufficient force to that objective so that you know when you've accomplished it." The politicians dictated the war in Vietnam, it was a limited war, the military was never allowed to fight the war in the manner that they thought that they needed to in order to win it ( Baker ). To conclude on the Vietnam War, the political management of the war made

The Political Economy and International Relations Policy Essays

The Political Economy and International Relations Policy Essays The Political Economy and International Relations Policy Essay The Political Economy and International Relations Policy Essay Key Words exchange rates, currency policy, monetary policy, international capital mobility, monetary regimes n Abstract The structure of international monetary relations has gained increasing prominence over the past two decades. Both national exchange rate policy and the character of the international monetary system require explanation. At the national level, the choice of exchange rate regime and the desired level of the exchange rate involve distributionally relevant tradeoffs. Interest group and partisan pressures, the structure of political institutions, and the electoral incentives of politicians therefore nfluence exchange rate regime and level decisions. At the international level, the character of the international monetary system depends on strategic interaction among governments, driven by their national concerns and constrained by the international environment. A global or regional fixed-rate currency regime, in particular, requires at least coordination and often explicit cooperation among national governments. INTRODUCTION The study of international monetary relations was long the domain of economists and a few lonely political scientists. It was routinely argued that, unlike international rade, debt, or foreign investment, exchange rates and related external monetary policies were too technical, and too remote from the concerns of either the mass public or special interests, to warrant direct attention from political economists (Gowa 1988). This was never really accurate, as demonstrated historically by the turbulent politics of the gold standard and more recently by the attention paid to currency policy in small, open economies such as those of Northern Europe and the developing world. But the tedious predictability of currency values under the BrettonWoods system lulled most scholars into inattention (exceptions include Cooper 1968, Kindleberger 1970, Strange 1971 , Cohen 1977, Odell 1982, and Gowa 1983). The collapse of BrettonWoods increased the interest of political scientists in the issue, and in the 1980s, international monetary affairs took so prominent a place in domestic and international politics as to warrant widespread scholarly attention. The 50% real appreciation of the US dollar and the domestic and international firestorm of concern it prompted, dramatic currency collapses in many heavily indebted developing countries, and the controversial attempts to fix European exchange rates ll drew researchers toward the topic. Since 1990, international monetary relations have become extremely prominent in practice, and the study of their political economy has accordingly increased in importance. Exchange rate policies have been at the center of what are arguably the two most striking recent developments in the international economy: the creation of a single European currency and the waves of currency crises that swept through Asia, Latin America, and Russia between 1994 and 1999. Although most research on the political economy of international monetary relations pproaches, analytical arguments, and empirical conclusions. We summarize this work without attempting to cover exhaustively a complex and rapidly growing literature. In this section, we outline the analytical problem, delineating the range of outcomes in need of explanation. The next section focuses on one set of things to be explained, the policy choices of national governments, surveying work on the domestic political economy of exchange rate choice. The third section looks at the second set of things to be explained, the rise and evolution of regional and global exchange rate institutions. Two interrelated sets of international monetary phenomena require explanation. The first is national: the policy of particular governments towards their exchange rates. The second is global: the character of the international monetary system. These two interact in important ways. National policy choices, especially of large countries, have a powerful impact on the nature of the international monetary system. The United Kingdom and the United States were essentially the creators of the classical gold standard and the BrettonWoods monetary order, respectively, and their decisions to ithdraw from these systems effectively ended them. By the same token, the global monetary regime exercises a powerful influence on national policy choice. A small country, such as Belgium or Costa Rica, is much more likely to fix its exchange rate† to gold before 1914, to the dollar or some other currency since 1945†when most of its neighbors have done so. The national and the international interact in complex ways, but for ease of analysis it is useful to look at separate dependent variables: the national policy choices of governments and the character of the international monetary system. National Exchange Rate Policy Each national government must decide whether to fix its currency†to the dollar, to another national currency, or to gold (in earlier periods)†or to allow it to float. If it chooses to let its currency float, it must decide whether it intends to let currency markets freely set the currencys value or whether it intends to target a particular range of exchange rates. If the latter, the government needs to determine the desired level of the currencys value†whether, generally speaking, it prefers the exchange rate to be strong (relatively appreciated) or weak (relatively depreciated). In specific instances, governments may be faced with more immediate choices, such as whether to defend or devalue a currency under attack. There are, roughly speaking, two kinds of national decisions to be made. One concerns the regime under which the currency is managed (fixed or floating, for example), and the other concerns the level of the currency (strong or weak). These choices have significant economic and political implications, and there is no reigning economic argument as to the optimal national exchange rate policy. In this, international monetary policy differs from trade policy. There are powerful economic arguments for the welfare superiority of free trade, and free trade can usefully be considered a baseline from which national policies deviate, with the distance from free trade a measure worth explaining. In currency policy, there is no clear economic- efficiency argument for or against any particular level of the real exchange rate. A strong (appreciated) currency is one that is valuable relative to others; this gives subjects national producers of tradable products (goods and services that enter into international trade) to more foreign competition, for the strong currency makes oreign products relatively cheaper. Although politicians certainly care about these effects†weighing the positive effects of increased mass incomes versus the negative effects of increased foreign competition†there is no purely economic reason to opt for one or the other. There is a reigning economic approach to currency unions (and, somewhat by extension, to fixed exchange rates), drawn from the literature on optimal currency areas. But this literature is by no means conclusive, so even here there are few purely economic factors that could explain national government policy. This means that national exchange rate policy must be made with an eye toward its political implications, since the tradeoffs governments must weigh are largely among values given different importance by different sociopolitical actors. Governments must evaluate the relative importance of the purchasing power of consumers, the competitiveness of producers of tradable products, and the stability of nominal macroeconomic variables. Below we survey the political considerations that affect policy, but first we describe the international level of analysis in international monetary affairs. InternationalMonetary Systems There are effectively two ideal types of international monetary regime, with actual systems tending toward one or the other. One is a fixed-rate system, in which national currencies are tied to each other at a publicly announced (often legally established) parity. Some fixed-rate systems involve a common link to a commodity such as gold or silver; others use a peg to a national currency such as the US dollar. The other ideal-typical monetary regime is is a free-floating system, in which national currency values vary according to market conditions and national macroeconomic policies. There are many potential gradations between these extremes. In the past 1 50 years, the world has experienced three broadly defined international monetary orders. For about 50 years before World War l, and again in substantially modified form in the 1920s, most of the worlds major nations were on the classical gold standard, a quintessential fixed-rate system. Under the gold standard, national governments announced a fixed gold value for their currencies and committed themselves to exchange gold for currency at this rate. From the late 1940s until the early 1970s, the capitalist world was organized into the BrettonWoods monetaryorder, a modified fixed-ratesystem. Under BrettonWoods, national currencies were fixed to the US dollar and the US dollar was fixed to gold. However, national governments could and did change their exchange rates in unusual circumstances, so that currencies were not as firmly fixed as under the classical gold standard. From 1973 until the present, and briefly in the 1930s, the reigning order has been one in which the largest countries had more or less freely floating national currencies with no nominal anchor, whereas smaller countries tended either to fix against one of the major currencies or to allow their currencies to float with varying degrees of overnment management. Monetary regimes can be regional as well as global. Within the international free-for- all that has prevailed since 1973, a number of regional fixed-rate systems have currencies of relatively small countries to the currency of a larger nation; for instance, the CFA (African Financial Community) franc zone ties the currencies of 12 African countries to each other and to the French franc (and now to the euro). Several countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have similarly tied their currencies to the US dollar, and others are considering this link. Another type of regional fixed-rate system involves the linking of a number of regional currencies to one another, often as a step toward adoption of a common currency. This has been the case with European monetary integration, which began with a limited regional agreement, evolved into something like a Deutsche mark link, and eventually became a monetary union with a single currency and a common European central bank. Countries in the Eastern Caribbean and southern Africa have also developed monetary unions. Our dependent variables, then, are (a) the national exchange rate policies of articular national governments, especially their choice of the level and regime of their currencies; and (b) the international monetary regime, especially the degree to which currencies are fixed against one another. To be sure, these two dependent variables are Jointly determined. National policy choices depend on the character of the international monetary system, and the evolution of global monetary relations is powerfully affected by the decisions of the major trading and investing nations. By the same token, international monetary relations interact with other economic policies. Currency misalignments have often led to protectionist pressures and even trade wars, Just as the evolution of trade relations affects exchange rate policy choices. Policies toward international financial and investment flows are similarly affected by, and affect, exchange rate movements. These complex interactive effects are important, but we do not know how to think about them in an integrated and systematic way. This essay focuses on the political economy of international monetary policy in and of itself, emphasizing potential answers to our two more narrowly defined explanatory questions. Cognate literatures on the political economy of other important international economic policies are useful to the analysis of international monetary policy. Analyses of international trade and investment begin with a prior notion of the distributional interests at stake†factoral, sectoral, and firm-specific†derived either from theory or from empirical investigation. They then explore how these interests are aggregated and mediated by such sociopolitical institutions as labor unions and business associations, political parties, electoral systems, legislatures, and ureaucracies. Finally, they explore the interactions between these nationally derived policies and those of other countries, especially in contexts in which interstate strategic interaction is likely to be important, such as where national government policies depend on the responses of other governments. The emerging structure of analysis and explanation of international monetary and financial politics follows this pattern. In the next section, we summarize the domestic level of analysis, especially how interests and institutions interact in the formation of national policy.

Patient and staff protection in different radiology modalities Dissertation

Patient and staff protection in different radiology modalities - Dissertation Example The study concludes by offering recommendations to be applied by Jaber Al Ahmed Armed Forces Hospital in the efforts of advancing its practices involving radiology. Summary 1: An Examination of Factors Related To Radiation Protection Practices Introduction This study was carried out by Slechta & Reagan (2008) with an objective of advancing the understanding factors connected to knowledge of as well as adherence to safety practices in radiation in which they studied four independent variables. These included initial education for the profession, participation in continuing education, the years of experience practicing in profession and nature of the work site. The study was aimed at advancing radiologic sciences education and practice while improving the safety practice in radiology. The study therefore sought to assess the knowledge of and compliance with protection practices in radiation in which independent variables and dependent variables were involved. The null hypothesis held i n this study was that the independent variables were not significantly relatable to either of the dependent variables. The study commenced with a literature review of materials related with practice compliance and radiographers’ education of five different indices of health and medicine. Notably, the literature reviewed indicated that certification in the 1970’s demanded radiation protection practices (Slechta & Reagan, 2008). The literatures also revealed trends of relationship between practicing years and radiation protection practice. A need for continued safety education was also noted in the literature reviewed in this study as well as efforts for ensuring continued education for the practitioners in radiography safety. Methodology The study involved a survey of 2000 certified radiologic technologists through questionnaires sent t o each of them and allowed for a period of one month to fill and return. The sample was obtained from the database of the American Regi stry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT). The large sample (N = 2000) was selected through a simple random sampling of registrants’ summary data and characteristics. The large sample selected allowed for a high confidence level as well as a small margin error as respondent for mailing technique was expected to be low. Questionnaire Design The questionnaire s sent to the sampled practitioners had 32 items to solicit information on basic demography, the 4 independent variables, and the 2 dependent variables (knowledge of and compliance with). Of the 32 items, 10 items sought for respondent’s characteristics information on gender, age, year of experience, years certified, professional practice primary area, work site type, initial education in radiologic technology, and continuing education participation over the past year. A composite score was calculated sing knowledge of safety practice assessed by 3 multipart items. At the same time compliance was assessed with 19 item s; 6of the items for composite score and 13 for separate evaluation. And Pre-tests were carried on 40 practitioners to determine usefulness of self-report of radiologic practices, time to complete the survey, item’s clarity assessment and development of scoring method. Results The results for respondents’ characteristics showed that, from the 2000 questionnaires sent, approximately 454 satisfied the surveys requirement. Markedly, 18% (n =

Arrested for Murder in Dublin Ireland Research Paper

Arrested for Murder in Dublin Ireland - Research Paper Example Murders in most countries attract different punishments and this is mostly influenced by the circumstance under which the murder was actually committed. Most regions use capital punishments for intentional murders even though current human rights bodies have advocated for the abolition of this punishment. The constitution of the republic of Ireland prohibits the death penalty and this has been in force since 2002 when constitutional amendments were undertaken. The legal processes involved in handling murder suspects in Dublin Ireland and the United States will be compared to highlight some of the legal differences that exist. Suspects have legal liberties and freedoms provided by the constitution of different countries including that of Dublin Ireland. As a murder suspect arrested in Dublin, Ireland, the legal procedure in the country exposes me to various processes which are considered under the due process law of the country. Due process rights are legal protections which are developed by law to protect suspects against unfair treatments and abuses during the arresting, interrogation and sentencing process. The due process rights differ depending on country in question and the process I will face in Ireland differs with that which I may be subjected to in the United States. Despite being accused of murder, the Dublin law demands that I be subjected to a fair process with fair treatment before being presented before a court of law. As an accused, the law does not require me to prove my innocence and may therefore maintain my silence during the initial phases of the trial (King, 2004). As an accused whose crime is still under investigation, the due process law in Dublin Ireland protects from self-incrimination and allows me the right to be represented by an attorney before the court of law. Before being arrested, the law enforcer has to read out the charges to me before I can be taken into police custody. The witnesses

Political Systems of Tribes

Political Systems of Tribes The importance of a tribe as a political system and its reluctance to subdue to the state efforts to erase it INTRODUCTION The tribe is an important political system that existed in the world mainly in the area of the Middle East. The Rwala and the Pathans are two examples of existing tribes that play a major role in the area in which they are located, proved by the fact that their tribal system coexist within the states boundary. The two tribes not only do they exit in one country but they maintain their existence within different countries. Due to their geographical location in which the two tribes live, the border zone, each country left them alone with their political system without interference from the central government. The Rwala have good relations within the countries they lived in its borders with the exception of Iraq, while the Pathans were free from state control until recently, when the US invaded Afghanistan and pressured Pakistan to take control of the tribal areas of Pakistan as they harbor Taliban. Why does the tribal political system still exist in the era of the Westphalian state sys tem? And why are the tribes resilient towards the state actions to take control of their area? These are the questions that this research paper is going to investigate. The research paper is divided into three parts. The first one is devoted to giving background information about the two tribes of Pathans and Rwala. The second part explores the reasons behind the strength of the tribes and the last part probes the reasons behind the reluctance of tribes towards the policies of the state to detribalize them. Background Information about the Rawala and the Pathans In order to understand the reasons behind the coexistence of the tribe as a political system with the current political system of the state, a basic definition for the tribe in needed. The tribe is: a notional form of human social organization based on a set of smaller groups having temporary or permanent political integration, and defined by traditions of common descent, language, culture, and ideology.[1] The members of a tribe share many characteristic with each other that make them similar and the most important one is common descent which denotes having relation to the family of the prophet, his companions or his tribe Quraish. For a tribe to legitimize its rule and survive it must trace its geology to the prophet. Any connection to the prophet or his surroundings serves as the basic instrument to justify the rule of the tribe. This can be both true and fictive, for instance many Berber tribes in Northern Africa changed their names from Berber to Arabic to point to their relatio ns to the prophet. While in the Ottomans were using such names as Ali and Hussein to justify their rule of Islamic empire to the extent that in any mosque in Turkey the name Hussein and Ali are engraved which make people to mistake the mosque for a Shiite one, which is not. Without lineage to the prophet, the tribe will lose ground and cannot legitimate its power within its population, therefore honor lies in lineage. The tribe exists because its members insure its existence by following a particular code that serves as the base of order and law. This code might change from one tribe to another but the basic idea is that the code insures that each member of the tribe is abiding by the customs of the tribe; this is done through the participation of individuals in decision-makings that are done through consensus. For instance, the tribal code within the Rwala is very different from the Islamic law to the extent that when a case involves a man and a women the tribal court tend to favor women, while among the Pathans the tribal code Pukhtunwali tend to be influenced by Islamic law to the extent that both the tribal law and Islamic law are two face of one coin. The Rwala are a tribe that is divided into five sections: the Murath, the Doghman, the Ga`adza`a, the Frejje and the Kwatzbe[2] that live in the border zone of four countries: Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Iraq. While the Pathans are a tribe that live in both Afghanistan and Pakistan, particularly in the border zone between the two countries, both the Pathans that live in Afghanistan and those that live in Pakistan do not recognizes the physical border and regard themselves as one united tribe. For example, whenever their fellow tribes are in trouble they immediately help them as it is shown in the movie, the Pathans Disappearing World, the Pakistani Pathans gathered to help their fellow Pathans in Afghanistan during the Soviet invasion, and one of the Pathans justified this act as helping their brother in time of need. This sense of brotherhood is not only present among Pathans but also among the Rwala, this help is a responsibility that each person in tribe is required to fulfill for his family members, this responsibility is not obligatory. For example, a person may refuse to help his uncle and be scot-free; however his reputation is going to be tarnished. The Political Importance of the Tribe The political importance of the tribe lies in the way of life of tribal people which values consensus, solidarity, reputation and revenge. There is no person with utmost authority in the tribe nor is power hereditary. Each tribe has a chief but this chief cannot oblige his tribe to do certain actions without going through consensus, as every person in the tribe has a right to express an opinion over matter that concerns the tribe. This need for consensus among tribal people makes it hard for any state to control the tribe or influence it, because when the tribes perceive its chief as being a government agent or accepting bribes from government his reputation will be unsavory and will the population will elect a new chief; and even when tribes are being outstripped of their heads, they still remain intact. Reputation is in an important aspect of tribal people because chiefs cannot coerce or compel his population; however the only political force available to him is to influence decisi on making. And in order for a chief to influence his population he needs four factors: good information, the ability to give good advice, a reputation for sound counsel and an audience to influence,[3] the sources of reputation for the Rwala come from Lineage, honor, raiding, generosity, bravery, hospitality. Besides, the fact of having a consensus in which every individuals opinion is valued which makes it hard to reach a unified view about any matter, to the extent that the tribe is being under the tyranny of the minority. The consensus involves major issues such as helping those who are at war or a very small matter such as a domestic scuffle between a father and his son. In the movie, the Jirga, the body responsible for making consensus among the Pathans, gather to make his opinion about the father that complained about his son not paying him enough. The result of the consensus was interesting because even though the son did not like the decision, in the end he subdue to the dec ision of the Jirga by kissing the white bribe of his father. The Islamic influence helps to explain the decision made by the Jurga as parents are giving special status in Islamic law. The absence of a central power in the tribal structure makes it hard to control the tribe because no individual has political power, no group has political power and no family has political power; power is restricted to the workings of public opinion. Even public opinion has no formal coercive power; co-operation can be withdrawn and that is all.[4] The tribal population does have loyalties to their tribe but not to the state, because the state is a resented system by the both Pathans and Rwala for one reason: it interferes in their lifestyle and tribal people do not like to be interfered with. Even when the tribal population exerts loyalty to a particular state it does so with the idea of paying tribute to the ruling family and not to the state itself. For instance, the Rwala members who are in the soil of Saudi Arabia pledge their loyalty outside the tribe to the family of Al Saud and not the state of Saudi Arabia.[5] Solidarity is another aspect that explains the strength of the tribe. Each member of the tribe is responsible for his family members and the tribe is responsible for its members. This solidarity does not only involve crucial issues but also mundane and quotidian ones like re-sewing a tents, as it is stated by William Lancaster: resewing a tent is a good example of how co-operation is achievedit would be a formidable task for one or two people, but it is always a co-operative effort.[6] This presence of solidarity does not mean that tribal people do not have problems or that they do not create troubles between themselves, problems and disagreements exist within tribes. However, the ways problems are resolved differ in a way that they are resolved but not to the extent of requiring interference outside the tribe. Because the tribe needs always to show strength and that its members are not divided, as it is pointed by William Lancaster The struggle between the two brothers for the smugg ling franchise was resolved, on the surface at least, by the need to present a united face towards intervention.[7] Revenge is an important characteristic of the tribe; this vindictiveness is allowed when a person from the tribe is killed. Therefore his family members have the duty to take his revenge not necessarily by killing the culprit but by killing any member of the family or the tribe of the culprit. Nobody can stop revenge or prevent the killing from taking place, unless the family of the bereaved accepted a financial retribution for the death of her family member.[8] The revenge process involves a cycle that is hard to stop without blood to the extent that the reason behind the feud might be forgotten. As it is pointed out by William Lancaster: the Mu`abhil have been involved in a single feud for fifteen twenty years. It started with a row over a camel or a sheep, no one can remember A Mu`abhil killed a Sabih. A settlement was arranged and the Mu`abhil paid about forty-five camels in compensation.[9] However, the problem did not completely end because the dead man left a son who was 4-ye ar old at the time of the compensation deal and when he grew up he demanded for his share that the Mu`abhil refused to pay due to the rising prices of camel. Revenge is best understood that none of the tribes members blood is cheap and that killing its population will involve a long fight before being it resolved. The tribes are reluctant to follow the bureaucracy of the state by going to civil courts to get their right as it will take time and probably the ruling will not be something they expected. Therefore, they prefer to take revenge instead. This is another reason which makes the state unattractive to the tribal population. The Reasons behind the Failure of the State in Subduing Tribes One of the reasons behind the reluctance of tribes to be urbanized and fall under the rule of the state lies in its distrust of interference. While the Rwala and Pathan both welcome new ideas they, however, dislike any change exerted by force. According to William Lancaster changed imposed from outside is another matter and they will resist it bitterly, not because its imposition does not allow them to react and partake in accordance with other factors.[10] The same thing goes for the Pathans, the United States of America is influencing Pakistan to get hold of the areas where Pathans live. However, the Pathans are not willing to subdue because they do not like any change to be imposed on them from the outside.[11] The two tribes of Rwala and Pathans both live in very sensitive areas to the extent that countries do not try to impose state rule their areas and allow them have their tribal law, not because both Jordan and Pakistan (before the US-Afghan war) are not able to destroy them but because simply suppressing them is not worth it; it would just bring more troubles than benefits. Furthermore, both tribes have relations with the states they live in. For instance, the Rwala maintain good relations with Saudi Arabia through marriage relations to the family of Al Saud while in Syria they are representatives in the parliament, therefore serving the interest of their tribe. Regarding the Pathans, the current present of Afghanistan Hamid Karazai is Pathan from the Durrani section. The economic autonomy of the tribal people is also one of the reasons that give a state a hard time when dealing with tribes. Especially as the means used by tribes are not illegal. For instance, the livelihood of many Rwala Population lies on smuggling which works well for the tribe as it is situated in a border area. Although this smuggling is much resented by states such as Jordan, it is tolerated for two reasons. First, the state gives certain autonomy as long as they patrol the border. Second, even smuggling can be beneficial to countries such Iraq during the Gulf War where the embargo prevented its population from getting its basic needs such as tires, while Saudi Arabia gets fruits from Styria in return for cars. As it is discussed above revenge is an important aspect that defines a tribe, it is one of the most misunderstood terms about the tribes, because revenge does not necessitate the killing the person who committed the murder. But killing anybody from his family, tribe or country is sufficient to quench the need for revenge. When Americans bomb areas in Waziristan and Swat Valley and kill many people, the Pathans feel the need to take revenge for the killings of their family members by killing any American soldier that they come across, and this revenge cycle is hard to stop as long as any person dead requires a revenge, save in case the family accepts a financial retribution. Other options of detribalizing the tribes lies on either urbanizing them or make them kill each other but then the questions rise of whether it is worth it and who will patrol the border in case of the border zone between Jordan, Syria , Iraq and Saudi Arabia. The British tried to introduce education in the Pathan tribal areas but they failed and so did the Pakistani government which succeeded in just including Pakistani national anthems in schools. However, the Pathans were keen on not letting the central government make them dependent on their education and health system. The Pathans revere the Islamic law which is the cornerstone of Pukhtunwali and want to maintain their autonomy health by basing it on the prophet`s medicine practices through herb and Koran. Conclusion The tribe is a political system that has survived within the epoch of the nation -state. The social equality and the political importance that the tribe gives to its individual make the tribe a powerful entity that proved to be hard for states to erase. Tribal people are proud of their tribe due to their lineage to the prophet and cherish the qualities of solidarity, reputation, hospitality, and honor in addition to revenge. The failure of understanding the tribal traits makes it hard to suppress them let alone communicate with them. For instance, the reason why the Taliban refused to turn in Osama Bin Laden to the US is rooted in the fact that he was a guest, therefore turning him in is a transgression of one of the components of their Pukhtunwali: hospitality. And going further to suppressing them through military actions will just exacerbate matters as the American do not understand how revenge is dealt with, which would make any person with an American military uniform a revenge target. Bibiliography Lancaster, William. The Rwala Bedouin Today(Second Edition). Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press, 1981. Summer, Andrew, Director. The Pathans Disappearing World. Akbar, Ahmed anthropologist, Discovery Channel, 1988. tribe. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 2010. Web. 7 Apr. 2010 .

Computer Knowledge Essay

Ever since I was little, I have been exposed to the different types of technology. The most important type is the computer. Before being able to use computers for fun, I had to take the time to thoroughly learn the unique skills in order to be perfect at it. The first time I touched a computer I knew that I had a special interest in it. My past experiences with computers include having to research specific topics for papers and science projects and PowerPoint’s for school. This involves researching on different search engines, like Google, Bing, and Yahoo, and making sure you have valid information. I’ve learned from past research projects that Wikipedia isn’t a good source of information because any person is allowed to add/discard any sort of material. One of the main reasons I am so good at computers are because of the social networks. For example, using Twitter has improved my technological skill so much because you need to know how to navigate the entire Google Chrome or Internet Explorer. Without the knowledge of these, it is impossible  to use the internet. The classes that taught me how to professionally use a computer like Microsoft PowerPoint and Word were the technology courses I took all throughout Middle School like my Introduction to Information Technology class in 6th grade. That course is what taught me everything I know and without that I would probably be clueless on everything proficient.

Country and Rap Music Essay

The types of music that people listen to are very diverse. Country and rap music are just two of these types of music and the composition of audience that listen to these types greatly vary. The primary reason is that country music is commonly identified with white people who live in the countryside while rap music is commonly associated with black people living in urban cities. For the most part, rap music is relatively a new type of music as compared to country music which, as a result, makes it more appealing to the younger generation. The older generation, on the other hand, are more inclined to listen to the type of music that grew up with, especially country music. One of the unique features of rap music is the way in which the lyrics are vocalized. The sound of rap music usually involves the rhythmic speaking of rhyming lyrics dubbed with the so-called â€Å"beats†. The beats are usually created separately through the use of percussions and other synthesizers. On the other hand, country music usually involves distinct guitar picking patterns with a slightly â€Å"blues† feel. More often than not, country songs involve the use of acoustic guitars although there are instances when the electric guitars are also used in certain parts of the song. The way in which the lyrics are sung is melodic, aptly cohering with the chord pattern of the song. Most country songs are easy to listen to since country music is less of the aggressive type, so to speak. These songs usually tell the story of the country life where the days are reminiscent of the outdoor life close to nature. There are also times when country songs express the love affairs of individuals. But unlike other forms of music, country music is â€Å"a more gentle approach to putting emotions† into music, in a manner of speaking (Lewis, p. 44). Rap music, on the other hand, usually expresses the experiences of an individual in the suburban or urban areas. Most of rap songs commonly involve the narration of how a young black American has to survive and rise to meet the challenges of surviving in a cruel society. These songs also have become stereotyped as the music of young people with a rebellious attitude who are part of violent gangsters in local neighborhoods. Thus, it is not hard to identify rap music as an aggressive type of music. Because of the wide generation gap between the time when either one of the two gain much prominence, there is likewise a great deal of difference between rap and country music in terms of its audience or followers. Rap music, being a relatively new type of music emerging and gaining prominence only in the later part of the 80s—with the exception of the theory that the origins of rap being traced as far back as the time when African-American slaves were chanting rhymes while doing work—the composition of its audience can also be said as younger (Sullivan, p. 613). On the other hand, country music has been around long before the birth of rap music. That being said, a large part of the those who listen to country music belong to the older generation although, of course, it can also be said that there are also young people who listen to country music. Not surprisingly, a portion of those who listen to country music may likewise be composed of those who live in the countryside since they can easily relate to the messages behind each country song. The same can also be said about rap music; those who live in more urban areas have the tendency to lend their ears to rap songs as they can easily relate to the message of most rap songs. For example, the rap songs of the artist â€Å"50 cent† may appeal more to younger people who reside in cities and other urban areas whereas the country songs of Johnny Cash may appeal more to older people who live in the countryside. However, these comparisons do not necessarily mean that there are no countryside people who listen to the rap songs of 50 cent or that there are no urban people who listen to the country songs of Johnny Cash. The point is that it is more likely for urban people to easily associate themselves with the songs of rap artists whereas it is more likely for countryside people to easily relate themselves to the songs of country artists. Rapping can also be done without the accompaniment of any musical instrument. It can even be done in simple impromptu gatherings in common places such as in local streets in the neighborhood. As for country music singing, it is difficult to say if a song is sung in a country music style without the accompaniment of musical instruments such as guitars. At the least, a singer would have to need a guitar in order to sing a country song or to make the song sound â€Å"country† in a recognizable way. In more recent times, rap music has been gaining a steady stream of following from the public with the increasing prominence of several rap artists. Country music, on the other hand, has been kept alive by several younger artists although the likes of Johnny Cash and his generation of country musicians have kept a steady support from the public listeners through the years. If there is one similarity between the two distinct musical genres, it has to be the fact that both country and rap have become cultures on their own. Rap music has become a culture tat has been embraced by individuals which, as a matter of fact, has even resulted to certain divisions among its musicians—the so-called East and West sides. Likewise, country music has created its own sense of culture manifested in the rural areas. Works Cited Lewis, George H. â€Å"The Creation of Popular Music: A Comparison of the ‘Art Worlds’ Of American Country Music and British Punk. † International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 19. 1 (1988): 35-51. Sullivan, Rachel E. â€Å"Rap and Race: It’s Got a Nice Beat, but What about the Message? † Journal of Black Studies 33. 5 (2003): 605-22.

Contextual Information On Human Sexuality - 2306 Words

Contextual Information on Asexuality Asexuality has been an elusive and intriguing subject in American society. Dr. Alfred Kinsey published reports on human sexuality where â€Å"category X† was mentioned (Asexual History, 2015). This category was used to describe individuals with a lack of sexual relationships and reactions (Asexual History 2015). In 1979, Michael Storms came up with a model of erotic orientation and this model included asexuality (Asexual History, 2015). Paula Nurius published a study observing mental health and orientation and found that asexual individuals had both a lower desire and frequency for sexual activity than compared to heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual individuals (Asexual History, 2015). Even more recently†¦show more content†¦Then, Poston and Baumle used a social constructionist viewpoint when analyzing the results. This approach looks at sexual orientation along a continuum (Poston and Baumle, 2010, p. 511). What they found was that the highest prevalence of asexuality was observed when only asexual behavior was taken into consideration. In other words, if we determine that asexuality only occurs when an individual has not had sex yet, or is a virgin in laymen’s terms, then we have a high percentage of people that would be considered asexual using this criteria only. However, this criteria is limited because some people abstain from sex due to religious purposes so it doesn’t paint a full picture of this minority group. The next highest prevalence of individuals occurred when self-identification was measured. Though, when looking at an individual’s desire, this criteria most resembled Bogaert’s findings. Since there is such limi ted research on a small population of people (relative to the heterosexual population) it is difficult to observe the prejudices that asexual individuals face in this society as a whole. Interview Summary and Personal Reflection I was personally unaware of asexuality until my freshman year in college when I took a human sexuality course. Though, I didn’t think much of it until I met Ariel in my junior year here at UNT. She and I shared come common interests and had a few classes

A Call for Vaccinations - 865 Words

â€Å"Vaccines save lives; fear endangers them. Its an unpretentious message parents need to keep hearing.† –Jeffery Kluger. The change in seasons can be intense for some people. It triggers them to become ill and get sick if they do not take care of themselves. Children, among these people, are more prone to becoming ill because their immune systems are not yet fully developed. A great number of parents do not know that getting their children vaccinated when recommended by doctors is a simple solution to childhood illnesses. Therefore, there should be stricter legal regulations that encourage parents to ensure that their children receive vaccinations. This will raise the awareness of vaccinations which will help more people receive them so†¦show more content†¦This new vaccine would drastically change the way people battle against infections and reduce the number of people that get sick. Even in the 1950’s vaccines were already making an impact on socie ty. Although the negative claims behind anti-immunization stances are deceptive and discredited, some parents find it difficult to accept that vaccines are necessary and safe. Many of these reasons are due to personal or religious beliefs that have persuaded parents to bypass immunizations for their children. Consequently, health officials are seeing disquieting rises of diseases that are easily preventable. The CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) has reported hundreds of measles cases in the United States in 2011, the largest number in 15 years (Ben-Joseph, Elana). Essentially, almost all of these cases were in individuals who had not received a vaccine shot. Also found in the article was that a great amount of the quarrel over the shots comes from a 1998 study that tried to connect autism to a type of vaccine that defends against measles. However, there has been no scientific evidence that a vaccine or a combination of any of the shots induces autism. 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